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Anatomy > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major compartments the body is divided into? what separates the two?

A

intracellular and extracellular divided by the plasma membrane.

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2
Q

What percent of water makes up total body weight?

A

60%

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3
Q

Intracellular compartment is what percent of total body weight from water? extracellular?

A

40%

20%

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4
Q

1% dehydration is thought to occur for every what amount of body fluid loss? at what % dehydration is their evidence of exhaustion/collapsing?

A

600-800ml.

7%

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5
Q

What is the only effective cooling mechanism?

A

sweating.

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6
Q

Respiratory (breathing) has an estimated daily water loss of? skin(sweating)? urinary?

A

200-1500ml
600ml
800ml

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7
Q

What is equilibrium? what is steady state?

A

equillibrium is when opposing forces are balanced and there is no net transfer of a particular substance or energy from one compartment to the other.
steady state: a state that does not change with time, the amount or concentration of a substance in a compartment is constant, energy expenditure maybe be required to maintain this state.

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8
Q

Are gap junctions found in skeletal muscle cells?

A

NO. only cardiac and smooth.

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9
Q

Examples of secondary messengers? first messengers?

A

cAMP, cGMP, DAG, Ca, IP3

proteins, peptides, hormones, GF, steroids (intracellular receptors because lipid soluble), ions, gases, light, etc.

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10
Q

If a channel is opened and closed by changing membrane potential what kind of channel is this? if it opens or closes by binding ligands, what are two types?

A

voltage gated.
ligand gated:
1. ionotropic: receptors form an ion pore i.e. nicotinic receptors. direct binding of ligand.
2. metabotropic: receptors act through second messenger to cause ion flow i.e. muscarinic receptors and many NTs (i.e. at synapses, vesicles binding releasing contents onto receptors at postsynaptic cleft). indirect binding of ligand.

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11
Q

What are the two types of lipophillic receptors?

A
  1. receptor located in cytosol or nucleus i.e. sex hormones, aldosterone, glucocorticoids.
  2. no cytoplasmic receptor, receptor is a hormone response element in the DNA sequence to cause changes. ligand binds directly to the target element in the DNA sequence. i.e. Vit A and D, retinoid and thyroid hormone. lipophillic comes directly into cell.
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12
Q

Calcium is used as what kind of messenger in the cell? the large calcium gradient is maintained by what?

A

secondary

  1. limited membrane permeability
  2. calcium transporters in plasma membrane
  3. calcium pumps in organelles
  4. cytoplasmic and organelle proteins that bind calcium to buffer its free concentration.
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13
Q

calcium acts as a second messenger in what two ways?

A
  1. binds to effector molecule, such as protein kinase C and activates it.
  2. binds to intermediary cytosolic calcium binding protein such as calmodulin (which plays a role in contraction of smooth muscle and only smooth).
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14
Q

What two mechanisms terminate calciums actions?

A
  1. IP3 is dephosphorylated by cellular phosphatases
  2. ATP driven calcium pumps in PM, ER, SAR and mito membranes drive free Ca out of the cytosol to the extracellular space or intracellular organelle.
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15
Q

four main functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. carriers or channels
  3. receptors
  4. structural
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16
Q

what percent does cholesterol make up of total lipids?

A

10-50%

17
Q

WHat is a lipid raft?

A

an area of membrane with certain lipids with a specific association with certain proteins, fixed aggregation.

18
Q

What is dynamein?

A

a GTPase, plays a role in clipping off vesicles from the surface so that they become free standing in cytosol.

19
Q

What is clathrin responsible for mediating?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis.

20
Q

What kind of structure does clathrin have? which facilitates what?

A

triskelion which facilitates the formation of small vesicles in the cytoplasm. receptor and ligand are internalized from the outside, and the clathrin proteins form the outside of the vesicle (vesicle inside the cell, they direct where vesicle will go).

21
Q

Phagocytosis is performed by what three things?

A

macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils (not there main function but still able).

22
Q

What are two types of endocytosis? what is common between the two?

A
  1. receptor independent: non specific uptake of fluid i.e. caveolae
  2. receptor mediated i.e. uses clathrin coated pits to bind specific molecules
    in both, vesicles are small <0.2um
23
Q

What are two types of exocytosis?

A
  1. constiuitive: i.e. goblet cells

2. regulated: i.e. hormones, nt, digestive enzymes

24
Q

Who got the nobel prize for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells?

A

schekman, rothman and sudhof.

25
Q

simple diffusion and faciliatated are types of what?

A

passive movement NO energy required.

26
Q

ATPases do what?

A

hydrolyze ATP to ADP.

27
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase in all cells maintains what? how many Na+ out and how many K+ in?

A

membrane gradient

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.

28
Q

Ca2+ ATPase pumps are found where? what do they pump?

A

found in PM, ER and SAR pumps Ca2+ out into extracellular space or into organelles

29
Q

H+/K+ ATPase found where? and pumps what?

A

found on stomach parietal cells and kidney collecting ducts. pumps H+ into stomach lumen and urine.

30
Q

secondary active transport gets its energy from? what is symport? antiport?

A

usually from Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
solute moves in same direction as Na+
solute moves in opposite direction of Na+

31
Q

GLUT4 located where? GLUT 2?

A

in muscle, in gut.

32
Q

Na+/K+ ATPases are usually located where in a cell what face?

A

basal.

33
Q

Movement of water across membranes is done how?

A

aquaporins, small integral membrane proteins (10 forms)

34
Q

resting membrane potential is generally what? which is closer to which equilibrium potential? leak channels help maintain what?

A

around -60mV (relative).
closer to K+ equlibrium potential of -100ml than that of Na+. this is because there are more leak channels in the cell for K+ than that of Na+ therefore more K+ leaving cell therefore more negative (relatively speaking).
STEADY STATE

Anatomy (18 decks)

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