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Anatomy > Lecture 12: Special Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

General senses

A

Large group of different types of touch receptors

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2
Q

Special senses

A

Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance; localized (confined to the head region)

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3
Q

Taste

A

Gustation; chemoreceptors that respond to food dissolved in saliva fluids

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4
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Most numerous papillae on tongue; small and conical pointed; parallel rows; grasp and manipulate; do NOT contain taste buds

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5
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped and spread over anterior 2/3rds of tongue surface; contain taste buds

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6
Q

Vallate papilllae

A

V-shaped row bordering posterior third of tongue and directly anterior to terminal sulcus; contain taste buds

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7
Q

Taste buds

A

On fungiform and vallate papillae; taste receptors; 50-100 epithelial cells; two cell types (gustatory epithelial and basal epithelial cells); long microvilli (gustatory hairs); replaced every 7-10 days

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8
Q

Five qualities of taste

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (glutamate “pleasant savory taste”)

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9
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

Reaches cerebral cortex through facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus nerve (X); bitter taste receptors found in stomach; synapse in solitary nucleus of medulla transmitted to thalamus and ultimately to gustatory area of cerebral cortex in insula

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10
Q

Smell

A

Olfaction; chemoreceptors respond to airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids of nasal mucosa

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11
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified simple columnar with three cell types (olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, basal epithelial cells)

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12
Q

Cell body to epithelium

A

Cell bodies of olfactory sensory neurons; apical dendrite ends in a knob from olfactory cilia radiate; olfactory cilia act as receptive structures for smell; mucus captures and dissolves odor molecules

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13
Q

Cell body to brain

A

Bundles of axon filaments of olfactory nerve; pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone; attach to olfactory bulbs and synapase at mitral cell; transmit pulses along olfactory tract to limbic system and piriform lobe of cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Anosmia

A

Absence of sense of smell (due to injury, colds, allergies, or zinc deficiency)

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15
Q

Uncinate fits

A

Distortion of smells or olfactory hallucinations (from irritation of olfactory pathways or after brain surgery/head trauma)

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16
Q

Visian

A

70% of all sensory receptors in eye; 40% of cerebral cortex involved in processing visual information; only anterior 1/6 of eye surface is visible

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17
Q

Accessory structures of eye

A

Eyebrows (hairs on superciliary arches); eyelids (palpebrae) separated by palpebral fissure (meet at medial and latera angles; lacrimal caruncle: reddish elevation at medial canthus; tarsal plates: connective tissue within eyelids; tarsal glands: modified sebaceous glands)

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18
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Transparent mucous membrane (palpebral tarsal conjuctiva); bulbar conjuctiva; conjuctival sac

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19
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Keeps surface of eye moist; lacrimal gland: produces lacrimal fluid; lacrimal punctum; lacrima canaliculus; lacrimal sac: fluid empties into nasal cavity; nasalacrimal duct; inferior meatus

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20
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Control movement of eye; originate in walls of orbit; insert on outer surface of eyeball; annular ring; lateral rectus and medial rectus; superior rectus and inferior rectus; superior oblique and inferior oblique

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21
Q

Posterior segment of eye

A

Filled with vitreous humor; clear, jelly-like substance; transmits light; supports the posterior surface of lens; helps maintain intraocular pressure

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22
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Process smell; transmit impulses to olfactory cortex; medial aspect of cerebrum in piriform lobe

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23
Q

Rhinencephalon

A

Includes parts of cerebrum that receive olfactory signals: piriform lobe, olfactory tracts, and olfactory bulbs; connect to limbic system; consciously identifying and recalling specific smells

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24
Q

Visceral sensory areas

A

Deep within lateral sulcus on insula lobe; receives general sensory input (pain, pressure, hunger) from abdominal and thoracic organs

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25
Fibrous layer
Most external of eyeball; dense connective tissue; includes sclera and cornea
26
Sclera
Posterior 5/6 of tunic; white, opaque region; provides shape and anchor
27
Cornea
Anterior 1/6; epithelium; thicker layer of dense collagen-rich connective tissue; endothelium; avascular but gets oxygen from air and nutrients from aqueous humor behind; richly supplied with sensory nerve endings (most pain receptors)
28
Limbus
Junction between sclera and cornea
29
Scleral venous sinus
Allows aqueous humor to drain
30
Vascular layer
Middle coat of eyeball; includes choroid, ciliary body, and iris
31
Choroid
Vascular; darkly pigmented; forms posterior 5/6 of vascular tunic; brown color from melanocytes; prevents scattering of light rays within eye; responds to arachnoid and pia maters
32
Ciliary body
Thickened ring of tissue which encircles lens; smooth muscle called ciliary muscle which focus on lens
33
Ciliary processes
Posterior surface of ciliary body
34
Ciliary zonule
Halo of fine fibrils attached around entire circumference of lens
35
Iris
Visible colored part of eye; attached to ciliary body and positioned anterior to it; smooth muscle
36
Pupil
Round, central opening; sphincter pupillae muscle (circularly arranged); dilator pupillae muscle (radially arranged): act to vary size of pupil; pupillary light reflex: protective response of pupil constriction when bright light is flashed in eye
37
Inner layer
Consists of retina and optic nerve
38
Retina
Ora serrata retinae: neural layer ends at posterior margin of ciliary body; macula lutea: mostly cones; fovea centralis: only cones and highest visual acuity; optic disc: blind spot
39
Layers of Retina
Pigmented layer: single outer layer of melanocytes; Neural layer: most inner layer with a sheet of nervous tissue
40
Neural layer contains:
Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), bipolar cells, ganglion cells, a 4th cell type interneuron; photoreceptor cells signal bipolar cells which signal ganglion cells which exit at optic nerve
41
Photoreceptor neurons
Rods: sensitive to light and allow vision in dim light; Cones: operate best in bright light and enable high-acuity, color vision
42
Visual pathways to cerebral cortex
Optic nerve to optic chiasm into optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus to primary visual cortex
43
Visual pathways to other parts of brain
Optic tracts to midbrain (superior colliculi controls extrinsic eye muscles and pretectal nuclei mediates pupillary eye reflex); other braches to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus which processes biorhythms
44
Blood supply of retina
Outer third of retinal supplied by capillaries in choroid; inner 2/3 serviced by central artery and vein of retina
45
Cataracts
Lens becomes opaque; results in blindness
46
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Buildup of deposits in the retina; loss of vision
47
Trachoma
Infection from chlamydia of the conjuctiva which causes eyelids to become distorted and inverted scraping against the cornea and lead to corneal scarring
48
Ear
Receptor organ for hearing
49
Outer ear
Auricle (pinna) directs sound; external acoustic meatus lined with skin, hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands; tympanic membrane forms boundary between external and middle ear
50
Otitis externa
Infection and inflammation lining external acoustic meatus; "swimmer's ear" can be cause of problem
51
Otitis media
Infection of tympanic membrane
52
Middle ear
Tympanic cavity forms lateral wall within petrous and temporal bone; medial wall penetrated by oval and round windows; pharyngotympanic tube links middle ear and pharynx
53
Ear ossicles
Smallest bones in body; malleus attaches to eardrum; incus between malleus and stapes; stapes vibrates against oval window
54
Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
Two tiny skeletal muscles in middle ear cavity
55
Internal ear
Labyrinth; within petrous portion of temporal bone
56
Bony labyrinth consists of
Semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
57
Membranous labyrinth in internal ear
Membrane-walled sacs and ducts; semicircular ducts in semicircular canals; utricle and saccule in vestibule; cochlear duct in cochlea
58
Endolymph
Clear fluid in membranous labyrinth
59
Perilymph
CSF in bony labyrinth
60
Cochlea
Spiral chamber in bony labyrinth; attachment on vestibule around modiolus
61
Osseous spiral lamina
Spiral of bone in modiolus
62
Cochlear nerve
Runs through modiolus

Anatomy (4 decks)

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