Lecture 13: Male and Female Reproductive System (Exam 3) Flashcards

Question

Explain the hormonal cycle.

Answer 1

-Complex interaction of hormones -pregnancy halts the cycle in the secretory phase -other structures are involved

Answer 2

Amenorrhea -lack of menstrual bleeding Dysmenorrhea -irregular menstrual symptoms -excessive pain Menorrhagia -excessive bleeding Metrorrhagia -irregular/protracted bleeding

Answer 3

-normal (pregnancy, menopause) -uterine disorder -scarring after infection Ovarian disorder -gonadal failure (multiple causes) -Resistance to gonadotropic hormones Endocrine disorder -insufficient gonadotropin secretion

Answer 4

stress --> increase cortisol--> change GnRH-->change in LH and FSH levels--> Amenorrhea

Answer 5

Presence of endometrium outside the uterus -causes infertility if it affects other parts of the reproductive tract - causes intestinal disorders when it affects the intestines -pathogenesis is not well understood -Symptoms include: Dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain

Answer 6

-implantation of embryo anywhere but the uterus -appx 90% in the uterine tissue -Predisposing condition: a pelvic inflammatory disease that results in chronic salpingitis -most common cause of tubal hematoma -Fertilized ovum develops as usual: -forms a placenta -Amniotic sac suggests surrounds the developing fetus --Growth of fetus will cause rupture of the uterine tube -may undergo regression and resorption or spontaneous ejection into the abdominal cavity (tubal abortion)

Answer 7

-systemic syndrome of pregnant women: -WIdespread maternal endothelial dysfunction -Symptoms: HTN, edema, proteinuria (pre); Convulsions (eclampsia) Also, can develop hypercoagulability, acute renal failure, and pulmonary edema -Remember HELLP syndrome (last week) Pathogenesis is not well understood, but linked to three specific changes: -abnormal placental vasculature -endothelial dysfunction (imbalance of anti/angiogenic factors) -Defective vascular development in the placenta secondary to hypoxia -Coagulation abnormalities -reduced endothelial production of antithrombotic factors **proteinuria separates eclampsia from other diseases

Answer 8

-during implantation and placental development, the spiral arteries of the secretory phase endometrium will be modified to provide blood to the placenta -Fetal cells invade the decidual plate and destroy the excess smooth muscle -Vessels change from the small lumen, high resistance to the large lumen, low resistance Remodeling does not occur in pre-eclampsia, resulting in placental ischemia and maternal HTN

Answer 9

-may develop atherosis -lipid deposits in decidual vessel intima Hemorrhages may be visible in the liver, brain, heart, anterior pituitary -Kidney will have excess fibrin in glomeruli and thrombi in the cortex that may be associated with cortical necrosis

Answer 10

-acute bacterial infection -Typically ocurrs during during first month of breast feeding -During breastfeeding, cracks and fissures may develop in the nipples -Allows access to bacteria like S. aureus or Streptococci Symptoms: fever, painful swelling, and edema Tissue changes : erythema,abscesses (S.aureus or strep) Starts in ducts but may spread to entire breast Usually treated with antibiotics and milk expression

Answer 11

-releases product into the urethra -slightly alkaline fluid -contains an enzyme that maintains seminal fluid as liquid Prostate disease -surrounds the urethra, so inflammation or hypertrophy impacts urethral function -symptoms of difficulty urinating (starting, volume, incomplete voiding, pain)

Answer 12

bacterial (acute or chronic), abacterial (chronic) or granulomatous Acute bacterial -causative agents that cause cystitis -access to the prostate is through urinary reflux, surgery, or lymphatics/blood from a distant site Symptoms: fever, chills, dysuria Exam: prostate will be enlarged and tender Dx: urine culture and Sx/Exam Chronic Bacterial -causative agents as above -maybe asymptomatic; not necessarily preceded by acute infection -Sx: low back pain, dysuria, perineal/suprapubic discomfort -Hx: recurrent urinary tract infections (antibiotics do not penetrate prostate well) Dx: leukocytes in prostatic secretions: positive bacterial cultures Chronic Abacterial -a most common form of prostatitis -as chronic bacterial but bacterial cultures are negative -prostatic secretion will still have leukocytes -no history of recurrent urinary tract infections Granulomatous -Specific (agent ID'd) or nonspecific -most common is due to cancer treatment -fungal seen is due in immunocompromised hosts -nonspecific is due to ruptured ducts and acini -These clinical syndromes, when found incidentally on biopsy-acute/chronic inflammation Histologically: acute may have small abscesses, areas of necrosis that may be quite large, or diffuse edema, congestion, and suppuration

Answer 13

Transition Zone (TZ) -mucosal glands empty directly into the urethra common location for hypertrophy Peripheral Zone (PZ) -main glands with long ducts -primary location for inflammation and cancer

Answer 14

-circulating testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha reductase in the prostatic stroma -Excessive cell growth due to DHT -Treatment with reductase inhibitors slows the growth and relieves symptoms --Other treatments require the destruction of tissue -minimally invasive (lasers) -Surgical Histologically Hyperplastic glands on either side of the urethra Two layers of cells in glands: 1. Inner columnar 2. Outer basal, flattened

Answer 15

only clinically apparent in 10% Common Sx: hesitancy Urgency Nocturia Poor urinary stream -Chronic obstruction: increased risk of UTI -Acute Obstruction: may damage bladder or kidneys

Lecture 13: Male and Female Reproductive System (Exam 3) Flashcards

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