Lecture 13: Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Name the minerals that are deficient in soils and forages in the EASTERN US, especially VA

Answer 1

Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu++), Zinc (Zn)

Question 2

Name the trace mineral that is regulated by the FDA

Answer 2

Selenium (Se)

limted to 0.3ppm in complete diet

Question 3

Describe the major physiological role of: Selenium (Se)

Answer 3

necessary to make thyroid hormones and glutathione peroxidase
YOUNG animals at highest risk of deficiency

Question 4

Describe the major physiological role of: Copper (Cu)

Answer 4

Cu is important for collagen production, formation of RBCs, antioxidant, the CNS and hair color (tyrosinase)
primarily an issue in RUMINANTS

Question 5

Describe the major physiological role of: Zinc (Zn)

Answer 5

testosterone formation, Cu-Zn SOD, Vit A metabolism

Question 6

Describe the major physiological role of: Iodine (I)

Answer 6

thyroid hormones

Question 7

Describe the major physiological role of: Cobalt (Co)

Answer 7

an integral component of Vit B12;
Ruminants need Cobalt in diet and their bugs make B12;
Others need B12 in diet

Question 8

Describe the major physiological role of: Iron (Fe)

Answer 8

RBCs

Question 9

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Se deficiency

Answer 9

White Muscle Disease (WMD) in RUMINANTS;

EQUINE myeloencephalopathy

Question 10

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Cu deficiency

Answer 10

lameness/OCD in HORSES;
achromotrichia (no color in hair);
enzootic ataxia (poor formation of spinal cord)

Question 11

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Cu toxicosis

Answer 11

Gun Metal Blue Kidneys in SHEEP
Icterus
Hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, anemia, hemolytic crisis

Question 12

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Zn deficiency

Answer 12

reduced growth and hyperkaratosis (thick skin lesions) in RUMINANTS and PIGS
affect Equine (bad feet) and Canine too (keratitis, conjunctivitis)

Question 13

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: I deficiency

Answer 13

Goiter; hairless/weak; YOUNG animals (neonates)

Question 14

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Co deficiency

Answer 14

Ruminants: SHEEP more than cattle

increased risk of CV disease

Question 15

List 2 major clinical signs associated with each mineral imbalance and species most commonly affect: Fe deficiency

Answer 15

Anemia and Dyspnea
BABY PIGS – in confinement, not much dirt, no iron
also milk is poor source of iron for them, lactoferrin binds it all up helping prevent bacterial growth

Question 16

Differentiate a pro-vitamin and a vitamin and describe relevance to the diet - Why Vitamin C and D cause confusion

Answer 16

Pro-vitamin: Plant or microbial form (ie: precursor) of a vitamin (ie: Vit A– Beta Carotene vs Retinol)
Vit C and D are conditionally essential to the diet

Question 17

Describe a common setting for supplementation with: Vit A

Answer 17

pregnant cows and baby calves in the Winter, FPT or drought

Question 18

Describe a common setting for supplementation with: Vit D

Answer 18

Camelids moved to Oregon that used to be high in the mountains or indoor animals (not enough sun)

Question 19

Describe a common setting for supplementation with: Vit E

Answer 19

antioxidants for athletes or old age diets;

dairy cow and feedlot steer to improve MILK (STABLE longer) and MEAT (keep REDDER)

Question 20

Describe the Role of Vitamin K and Vitamin D in rat poisons

Answer 20

Warfarin Rat Poison - Vit K antagonist, causes Vit K deficiency
Rat poisons with high Vit D cause toxicosis –> Gastric Hemorrhage and Calcification of vessels