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Intro to Cell and Molec > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Uses of energy in living things

A
  1. movement
  2. metabolism
  3. response to stimuli
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2
Q

Energy undergoes transitions in forms

A
  1. potential energy
  2. kinetic energy
  3. mechanical, chemical, electrical
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3
Q

Properties of energy

A
  1. first law of thermodynamics

2. second law of thermodynamics

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4
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A
  1. total energy remains constant in a closed system

2. energy cannot be created or destroyed

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5
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A
  1. in an isolated system, any change causes the quantity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease
  2. energy is converted from more useful to less useful forms
  3. organization of matter and energy
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6
Q

organization of matter and energy

A
  1. concentrated energy is more ordered (complex) chemically

2. entropy

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7
Q

Entropy

A

all processes in an isolated system result in an increase in randomness

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8
Q

Free energy

A

the portions of a system’s energy that is able to perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system

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9
Q

what does free energy provide

A

a criterion for measuring spontaneity of a system

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10
Q

Where is energy stored in

A

the chemical bonds of biological molecules

dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

How is this stored energy released so work can be accomplished

A

hydrolysis reaction

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12
Q

What are energy releasing chemical reactions

A

exergonic

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13
Q

exergonic chemical reactions

A
  1. high energy reactants -> low energy products
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14
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

low energy reactants -> high energy products

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15
Q

A cell does three main kinds of work

A
  1. mechanical
  2. transport
  3. chemical
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16
Q

mechanical work

A
  1. beating of cilia
  2. contraction of muscle cells
  3. movement of chromosomes
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17
Q

transport work

A

pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

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18
Q

chemical work

A

driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

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19
Q

In most cases, what is the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work

A

ATP

20
Q

ATP

A

a type of nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups

21
Q

How can the bonds between phosephate groups be broken

A

by hydrolysis

22
Q

What does the hydrolysis of the end phosphate group form

A

adenosine diphosphate

23
Q

what does the hydrolysis of the end phosphate group release

A

7.3 kcal of energy per mole of ATP under stnadard conditions

24
Q

ATP ->

A

ADP + Pi

25
Q

ATP is a renewable resource

A

adding a PO4- group to ADP

26
Q

ATP adding a PO4- group to ADP

A

catabolic reactions in the cell provide energy for addition

27
Q

In a working muscle cell the entire pool of ATP is recycled once each minute

A

over 10 million ATP consumed and regenerated per second per cell

28
Q

Whad does regeneratio, an endergonic process, require

A

an investment of energy: delta G = 7.3 kcal/mol

29
Q

What do chemical reactions in living organisms need to be

A

catalyzed

30
Q

catalyst

A

a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

31
Q

enzyme

A

a catalytic protein

32
Q

What do enzymes regulate

A

the movement of molecules through metabolic pathways

33
Q

Activation energy

A

the amount of energy necessary to push the reactants over an energy barrier

34
Q

at the summit of activation energy

A

the molecules are at an unstable point, a transition state

35
Q

The difference between free energy of the products and the free energy of the reactants

A

delta G

36
Q

Enxyme speed reactions by lowering EA

A

the transition state can then be reached even at moderate temperatures

37
Q

Enzymes do not grange delta G

A
  1. it hastens reactions that would occur eventually

2. enzyme selectivity etermines which chemical processes occurs

38
Q

Enzyme regulation

A
  1. synthesis
  2. active/inactive forms
  3. feedback inhibition
  4. allosteric regulation
  5. competitive inhibition
  6. non-competitive inhibitors
  7. cofactors
  8. cooperativity
39
Q

feedback inhibition

A

metabolic pathway is turned off by its end product

40
Q

the end product of feedback inhibition

A

acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme in the pathway

41
Q

if the product of feedback inhibition is abundant

A

the pathway is turned off

42
Q

if the product of feedback inhibition is rare

A

the pathway is active

43
Q

what has a major impact on reaction rate

A

temperature

44
Q

as temperature increases…

A

collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move faster

45
Q

each enzyme has an…

A

optimal temperature

46
Q

what also influences shape and therefor reaction rate

A

pH

47
Q

optimal pH for most enzymes

A

6-8

Intro to Cell and Molec (10 decks)

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