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Bio 200 Lecture > Lecture 14: Land Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Land Plants Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what is a major way that plants differ from protists?

A

-plants are multicellular

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2
Q

challenges to land living?

A
  • drying out (need to survive long term in air)
  • structural support by itself (w/o the support of a water column)
  • reproduction (dependent on water to transport gametes so they gotta find a new way to reproduce)
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3
Q

adaptation to land

A
  • embryophyte
  • cuticle
  • stomata
  • pigmentation
  • fungal relationship
  • tracheid cells
  • seeds
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4
Q

embryophytic adaptation

A

-have structure to protect developing embryo and prevent it from drying out

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5
Q

cuticle adaptation

A

-waxy substance that traps water inside of plant thus hard to get air in which has CO2 which is necessary

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6
Q

stomata adaptation

A

-holes that open to let air in, then close to keep water in

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7
Q

pigmentation adaptation

A

-blocks out UV rays since water no longer will

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8
Q

fungal relationship adaptation

A

-having a relationship with soil fungi helps them get nutrients

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9
Q

tracheid cells

A

-specialized cells that allow for water and nutrient transport from the roots to the leaves

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10
Q

tracheid cells adaptation

A

-allows the plant to become much larger organisms

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11
Q

seeds

A

-ultimate form of embryo protection

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12
Q

diplontic life cycle

A
  • have only diploid stages of life(multicellular)

- gametes never undergo mitosis

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13
Q

haplodiplontic life cycle

A
  • have multicellular, haploid, and diploid cycles
  • almost all plants have two forms (haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte)
  • have multicellular haploid and diploid stages
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14
Q

sporangia

A
  • specialized structures in the sporophyte

- where diploid spore mother undergoes meiosis and produce haploid spores

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15
Q

spore mother cells

A

-in sporangia, undergo meiosis and produce the haploid cells

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16
Q

spores

A

-any haploid cell that will divide by mitosis and become multicellular

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17
Q

archegonium

A
  • produces eggs

- where mitosis of gametophytes occur

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18
Q

antheridium

A
  • produce sperm

- where mitosis of gametophytes occurs

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19
Q

syngamy

A

-the fusion of gametes (fertilization)

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20
Q

gametophyte

A
  • haploid generation that gives rise to gametes

- alternates with sporophytes

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21
Q

how do the events of meiosis and syngamy shape the haplodiplontic life cycle?

A
  • meiosis goes from diploid to haploid

- syngamy goes from haploid to diploid

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22
Q

dominant life stages traits

A
  • varies within in plants

- haploid stages sensitive to recessive mutations

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23
Q

rhodophyta

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A
  • aka red algaes
  • outgroup
  • vary in size
  • color comes from accessible photosynthetic pigment, many don’t appear tho
  • makes nori
24
Q

chloroplast formation

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A
  • result from primary endosymbiosis
  • led to chloroplasts with two membranes
  • brown algae is an example of secondary endosymbiosis
25
primary endosymbiosis
-single event that gave rise to green and red algae
26
secondary endosymbiosis
-when a new lineage gain photosynthetic ability by engulfing a product of the primary photosynthetic event
27
chlorophyll types
- chlorophyll a: land plants, red, brown, & green algae - chlorophyll b: green algae, land plants - chlorophyll c: brown algae
28
which chlorophyll type is found in cyanobacteria?
-chlorophyll a
29
chlorophytes
- contains most green algaes - monophyletic, unicellular and multicellular - share a flattened cell form w/ most land plants - some are haplodiplontic - types: chlamydomonas, volvox
30
chlamydomonas
- primitive chlorophyte - green algae - unicellular
31
volvox
- colonial, mobile, complex - most aren't reproductive - represents an early form of multicellularity
32
stoneworts
- sister to land plants - filamentous form - homologous traits with land plants(mitosis style, cell structures) - types: chara sp. - show branching apical growth
33
apical growth
-growth from only the tips of the organism
34
chara sp.
- part of stoneworts - form green mats around edges of freshwater ponds - able to adapt to dry environments
35
what does non-vascular cells mean?
-no tracheid cells
36
bryophyte traits
- embryophytic - gametophyte dominant (thus plants spend most of their life haploid) - sporophyte grows out of gametophyte and is dependent on gametophyte for nutrition - require water for sexual reproduction(for gametes to float in) - not photosynthetic
37
non-vascular plants
- aka bryophytes | - liverworts, mosses, hornworts
38
liverworts
- part of bryophytes - gametophyte stage - not as efficient as tracheids and can't move things very far(so they're short)
39
moss
- part of bryophytes - doesn't have true leaves - work well in extreme climates - really vulnerable to recessive mutations
40
hornwort
- part of bryophytes | - sporophyte stage
41
moss life cycle
- gametophyte dominant, requires water - sporophyte completely dependent on gametophyte for nutrition b/c it itself doesn't do photosynthesis - really vulnerable to recessive mutations
42
xylem
-brings water and minerals up
43
benefits of tracheid cells
- allow plants to get tall | - have stiff cell walls and give plants structure(allows them to stand)
44
phloem
-brings sugar and nutrients down
45
seedless vascular plants (tracheophytes) traits
- embryophytic - sporophyte dominant (diploid) - free-living gametophyte (lacks vasculature) - can get very large - types: lycophytes, monilophytes
46
lycophytes
- aka club mosses - most primitive tracheophytes - small - have microphylls
47
microphylls
- weed-like structures - leaves without vasculature - arranged around stem in spirals
48
megaphylls
- true leaves - with vasculature - veiny leaf
49
monilophytes
- monophyletic - sisters to seed plants - 1st group to have megaphylls types: horsetails, ferns
50
sori
- clusters of sporangia release the spores | - unite the ferns
51
fern life cycle
- sori have spore mother cells, undergo meiosis and release haploid cells which are wind dispersed, will germinate in soil - embryo develops into archegonium and as soon as its able to photosynthesize the gametophyte will die and the sporophyte will be independent
52
giant sequoia
- aka sequoiadendron giganteum | - biggest organism on earth
53
coast redwood
- aka sequoia sempervirens | - tallest organism on earth
54
horsetails
- no leaves - photosynthetic stems - have rings of actively dividing cells that can regrow if you cut off the top
55
ferns
- dominant the tracheophytes | - vary greatly in size

Bio 200 Lecture (25 decks)

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