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BIO 231 [Exam #4] > Lecture #14 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture #14 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The Kidney

Describe the kidney (color, location)

What is located on the kidneys convex surface where vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/exit?

A
  • red/brown color
  • located retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum), lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae
  • hilum
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2
Q

The Kidney

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

MFS

  • maintain chemical consistency of blood
  • filters fluid from blood
  • sends toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of body
    -> main waste produces: urea, uric acid (+ammonia), creatine
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3
Q

External Anatomy of Kidneys

What are the different types of capsules located external to the kidney?

Describe these capsules that are located external to the kidney.

A
  • fibrous capsule: dense CT surrounding the kidney; inhibits spread of infection
  • perirenal fat capsule: external to renal capsule
  • renal fascia: external to perirenal fat capsule; contains pararenal fat
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4
Q

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

Name the major internal sections of the kidney.

Describe these internal sections of the kidney

A
  • renal cortex: superficial region; granular appearance
  • renal medulla: consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids
  • renal pelvis: contains major and minor calyx
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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and each kidney contains more than 1 million of these.

A

nephron

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6
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Production

Name the different mechanisms of urine production.

Define the different mechanisms of urine production.

A

FRS

  • filtration: filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries
  • resorption: most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed
  • secretion: active process of removing undesirable molecules
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7
Q

Nephron - Structure

What is the nephron mainly composed of?

Which nephron structure is the first part of the nephron?

A
  • renal tubule
  • renal corpuscle - first part of nephron
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8
Q

Nephron - Structure - Renal Corpuscle

What structures are found in the renal corpuscle?

Describe these structures.

A
  • glomerulus: cluster of capillaries; are fenestrated (have openings that make it permeable)
  • glomerular capsule: parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium; visceral layer: consists of podocytes (help filter out blood)
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9
Q

Nephron - Filtration membrane - Renal Corpuscle

What is the filtration membrane?

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

What are the functions of the filtration membrane?

A
  • filter that lies between blood in glomerulus and capsular space
  1. fenestrated endothelium of capillary
  2. filtration slits (between food process of podocytes)
  3. basement membrane
  • holds back most proteins
  • allow passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea
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10
Q

Nephron - Renal Tubule

Name the order in while filtrate processes to renal tubules from the glomerulus.

What does the collecting duct do?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule -> nephron loop (descending, ascending limb) -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct
  • collecting duct:
    -> receives urine from several nephrons
    -> conserves body fluid
    -> (secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule)
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11
Q

Classes of Nephron

What are the different classes of nephrons?

Describe the different classes of nephrons.

A
  • cortical nephrons: 85% of nephrons; make dilute urine; contains peritubular capillaries
  • juxtamedullary nephrons: 15% of nephrons; concentrate urine; contain vasa recta
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12
Q

Blood Vessels Associated with Nephrons

What are the different types of blood vessels associated with nephrons?

Describe these blood vessels associated with the nephron.

A
  • glomeruli: produce filtrate that becomes urine; fed and drained by arterioles (afferent+efferent); generate 1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes
  • peritubular capillaries: low pressure, porous; adapted for absorption; secretes molecules into urine
  • vasa recta: thin-walled looping vessels (descend into medulla); part of kidneys urine concentrating mechanism
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13
Q

Juxtaglomerular Complex

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

What things make up the juxtaglomerular complex? Describe them

A
  • regulates blood pressure
  • macula densa: tall, closely paced epithelial cells located at the end of nephron loop; monitor sodium concentration in the filtrate; signal granular cells to secrete renin
  • granular cells: modified smooth muscle cells with secretor granules; contain hormone renin
    -> renin is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in afferent arteriole; leads to increased water absorption and increased blood pressure
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14
Q

Ureter

What is the function of the ureter?

Describe the histology of ureter

A
  • carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
  • oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine
  • mucosa: transitional epithelium
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15
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe the urinary bladder.

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

Describe the difference of the urinary bladder when it is full vs. empty

A
  • collapsible, muscular sac
  • stores and expels urine
  • full bladder: spherical; expands into abdominal cavity
  • empty bladder: lies entirely in pelvis
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16
Q

Urethra

Describe the epithelium of the urethra starting from the proximal end (near the bladder) to the distal end (near urethral opening)

What are the different sphincters of the urethra? Describe them

A
  • transitional epithelium (proximal), stratified and pseudostratified columnar (mid), stratified squamous epithelium (distal)
  • internal urethral spincter: involuntary smooth muscle
  • external urethral spincter: voluntarily inhibits urination, relaxes when one urinates
17
Q

Urethra

What are the different regions of the urethra in the male?

A
  • prostatic urethra: passes through prostate gland
  • intermediate part of urethra: passes through urogenital diaphragm
  • spongy urethra: passes through length of penis
18
Q

What is the act of emptying the bladder that is controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous system?

A

micturition (urination)

19
Q

Disorder of the Urinary System

What is more common in females where there is a burning sensation during micturition?

A

urinary tract infection

20
Q

Disorder of the Urinary System

What disorder of the urinary system contains kidneys stones that are commonly comprised of calcium oxalate?

A

renal calculi

21
Q

Disorder of the Urinary System

What is an autoimmune disease that destroys glomerular basement membrane, causing the leaking of protein into the urine?

A

glomerulonephritis

22
Q

Disorder of the Urinary System

What disorder is associated with nephrons that are destroyed as a result of renal artery disease which leads to water retention and uremia?

A

renal insufficiency

BIO 231 [Exam #4] (3 decks)

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