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Microbiology 2 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

Parasites and Fungus

1
Q

what is parasitism

A

living organism taking nourishment from host
lives on or in the host

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2
Q

ectoparasite

A

live on outer surface

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3
Q

endoparasite

A

lives inside the body

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4
Q

obligate parasite

A

requires host for all phases of life cycle

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5
Q

facultative parasite

A

can be free living, but can live in a host

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6
Q

accidental parasite

A

parasite finds the wrong host

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7
Q

erratic parasite

A

parasite that finds the wrong organ

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8
Q

definitive host

A

harbors the adult stage, or where there is sexual reproduction

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9
Q

intermediate host

A

has the larval stage or asexual reproduction

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10
Q

paratenic host

A

some other host, temporary

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11
Q

reservoir host

A

host is generally not greatly harmed by the parasite

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12
Q

protozoa

A

single cells with an organized structure
eat solids
need aquatic/moist environment
complicated life cycle
fecal-oral route of transmission
classified on locomotion: amoebae, flagellates, apicomplexa

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13
Q

protozoa schizogony

A

multiple rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis - creates a schizont
then cytokinesis occurs, releasing merozoites (daughter cells)

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14
Q

protozoa - amoebae

A

moves with pseudopodia
active growing phase - trophozoites
environmentally protected form - cysts

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15
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A

wide range of disease: diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscess, asymptomatic
fecal-oral transmission

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16
Q

entamoeba gingivalis

A

oral commensal

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17
Q

environmental amoebae

A

surface water
corneal infections with contact lens
cribriform plate
CNS infections

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18
Q

protozoa - flagellates

A

move with flagella
active growing phase - trophozoites
environmentally protected form - cysts
have a rigid outer wall - provides shape

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19
Q

giardia lamblia

A

wide range of disease: chronic diarrhea or asymptomatic
fecal-oral transmission

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20
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A

vaginitis
sexual transmission

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21
Q

protozoa - apicomplexa

A

mature forms are non-motile
obligate intracellular parasites
complex life cycles
have a complex at the apical end

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22
Q

plasmodium spp

A

mosquito transmitted
malaria
life threatening

23
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

mostly asymptomatic
can cause fetal malformations
can transmit from cat stool

24
Q

crytosporidium spp

A

watery diarrhea, can be chronic
fecal-oral or water borne

25
helminths
worms multicellular, macroscopic
26
flatworms
flat on cross section cestodes (Tapeworms) trematodes (Flukes)
27
roundworms
round on cross section Nematodes Hookworms Pinworms
28
cestodes - tapeworms
adult form: ribbon-like and segmented abdominal discomfort larval form: penetrates gut and lodges intermediate hosts are humans
29
nematodes - tapeworms
have a complete digestive tract and separate sexes very diverse group
30
A. Lumbricoides
abdominal pain/discomfort transmits fecal-oral with ova in stool
31
T. Spiralis
massive inflammation early muscle damage later transmits by eating undercooked meat
32
ectoparasites
colonizes insects - fleas, lice, bedbugs arachnida - ticks, mites nuisance, itchy vectors for disease
33
tick
borrelia burgdorferi lyme disease
34
fleas
yersinia pestis bubonic plague
35
humans eating fungus
bread, beer Saccharomyces cerevisiae soy sauce Aspergillus oryzae mushrooms and cheese
36
fungus eating humans
can infect humans - mycosis or mycoses superficial - skin, nails... Thrush, Ringworm subcutaneous - traumatic implantation... tissue destruction and sinus systemic mycoses - immunodeficiency, acquired through respiratory tract
37
fungus
have a cell wall comprised of polysaccharides including chitin and chitosan haploid cells mate to make diploid cells, undergo meiosis which produces four haploid spores
38
yeast
single cells, elongate to form chain pseudohyphae reproduce by budding blastospores
39
molds
multicellular tubular hyphae with or without separations create specialized sporing structures
40
dimorphic yeast
at lower/room temperature replicate as molds at higher/body temperature replicate as yeasts includes some pathogenic fungi with limited geographic distribution spores can be infectious
41
candida albicans
opportunistic pathogen lack exotoxins or endotoxins slow and chronic infections thrush and yeast infections
42
systemic candidasis virulent attributes
adhere to tissues and prostheses change surface antigens invade tissue with hyphae produce enzymes that degrade host cells
43
candida infections
thrush - oral, vaginal, perianal, esophageal
44
pseudomembraneous candidasis
white membrane with raw, red base underneath
45
erthematous candidasis
immunosuppression, antibiotic use or dentures
46
angular stomatitis
lesions at angles of the mouth erythema, soreness and fissuring S. Aureus
47
skin infections
candida infection diaper rash or nails
48
candida systemic infections
urinary tract - catheters endocarditis - artificial heart valves of IV drug use septicemia - with immunosuppression - throughout solid organs
49
antifungals
major target is the fungal cell membrane ergosterol vs cholesterol
50
nystatin and amphotericin B
binds to ergosterol and creates a pore
51
azoles
antifungal ex: fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole inhibit synthesis by inhibiting enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis
52
micafungin, anidulafungin
antifungals inhibit glucan synthesis or specific gylcan in fungal cell wall
53
keratolytic fungi
attack keratin - nail, hair, skin produce keratinase many different species
54
dermophytes and dermatophytosis
fungal penetration balances squamous cell turnover long lasting requires some minor trauma to establish driven by moisture and occlusion jock itch, athletes' foot, ringworm tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea corporis

Microbiology 2 (18 decks)

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