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Anesthesia (SAB) > lecture 15 & 16: Pain - Mechanisms, Signs,& Therapy (Exam 2) > Flashcards

lecture 15 & 16: Pain - Mechanisms, Signs,& Therapy (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

______ were the first drug class to break the billion dollar market in vet med

A

NSAIDS

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2
Q

pain plasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system responsible for pain transmission to change, usually resulting in increased pain sensitivity

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3
Q

what is the current major focus in pain research

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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4
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate pain signals

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5
Q

macrophages

A

play a key role in pain and can be either pain-promoting or pain-reducing.

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6
Q

Secondary Hyperalgesia

A

Increased pain sensitivity in areas surrounding the injury site

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7
Q

Silent Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors that are normally inactive but can be awakened by tissue damage or inflammation

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8
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Persistent pain that continues beyond normal healing time

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9
Q

____________ can help treat pain by reducing sympathetic nervous system activation.

A

beta blockers

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10
Q

Specialized facilities for studying and treating pain, with few remaining in veterinary schools

A

Pain Centers

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11
Q

The ________ at MGH is a major pain research facility with ______ floors dedicated to pain studies.

A

Wang Center; 6

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12
Q

Medication that mimics GABA, used to treat neuropathic pain

A

gabapentin

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13
Q

What is pain defined as in modern veterinary medicine?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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14
Q

pain definition

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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15
Q

primary hyperalgesia

A

Increased pain sensitivity at the site of injury

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16
Q

Allodynia

A

Condition where non-painful stimuli become painful

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17
Q

A-delta fibers

A

Partially myelinated nerve fibers that carry pain signals

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18
Q

_____ is one of the simplest therapies for pain as it slows nerve conduction.

A

ICE

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19
Q

neural inflammation

A

Inflammatory response in nervous tissue that can enhance pain sensitivity

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20
Q

What type of receptors are activated when pain becomes potentially tissue-damaging?

A

NMDA receptors

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21
Q

Central Sensitization

A

Increased responsiveness of pain neurons in the central nervous system

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22
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

Neural receptors activated during intense pain that contribute to central sensitization

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23
Q

Local anesthetics

A

Drugs that block nerve conduction to prevent pain transmission

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24
Q

c-fibers

A

Unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain signals

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25
nociceptors
High-threshold pain receptors that respond to potentially tissue-damaging stimuli
26
Pain receptors have than touch receptors.
higher thresholds
27
disinhibition
Loss of inhibitory control that can lead to increased pain sensitivity
28
peripheral Sensitization
Process where injury site becomes more sensitive due to inflammatory cell invasion
29
glutamate
Main neurotransmitter involved in pain signal transmission
30
The _______ and _________ are brain regions important in emotional aspects of pain.
limbic system; amygdala
31
sympathetic tone
Level of activation of the sympathetic nervous system that can influence pain perception
32
Sympathetic Nervous System
System that can amplify pain when activated during stress
33
substance P
Neurotransmitter involved in central pain sensitization
34
Beta Blockers
Medications that can help manage pain by reducing sympathetic nervous system activity
35
Where is the largest pain center in the United States located?
MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital)
36
What are the two main types of nerve fibers that carry pain signals?
A-delta and C fibers
37
____ are one of the best indicators of pain in animals.
behavioral changes
38
Central Sensitization
Increased responsiveness of pain-transmitting neurons in the central nervous system
39
______ is one of the most common painful conditions in veterinary medicine.
osteoarthritis
40
_______ is located in the top layers of the dorsal horn
substantia gelatinosa
41
What is peripheral sensitization caused by?
Infiltration of inflammatory cells
42
primary vs secondary Hyperalgesia
primary-Increased pain sensitivity at the site of injury secondary-Increased pain sensitivity in surrounding uninjured areas
43
Unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain signals
C fibers
44
What condition is associated with genetic defects in sodium channels?
Congenital inability to feel pain
45
collateral sprouting
Growth of new nerve fibers, contributing to chronic pain.
46
What protective function does pain serve?
Pain serves as a protective mechanism to prevent further tissue damage.
47
sensory phys pathways
Transduction Transmission Modulation Projection Perception
48
know this
49
wide dynamic range neuron (WDR)
respond to a range of innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli
50
Pathologic Pain Processe
1. Amplify the response to non-painful stimuli 2. Create and Amplify the response to pain stimuli 3. Create a chronic pain state
51
Pain Processes that Promote, Intensify and Prolong Pain
1. Peripheral Sensitization 2. Central Sensitization Activation of NMDA-R 3. Activation of Silent Nociceptors 4. Disinhibition 5. Neuroinflammation Glial Cell Activation 6. Stress and Pain (PTSD) 7. Collateral Sprouting
52
Neuroinflammation **CNS and Peripheral Glial Cell Activation**
Schwann cells insulate axons, and satellite cells support neuron bodies in peripheral ganglia.
53
maladaptive pain
pain that doesn't promote healing and repair
54
which pain state is this
nociceptive
55
which pain state is this
inflammatory
56
which pain state is this
neuropathic
57
which pain state is this
nociplastic
58
these are examples of
NSAIDS
59
____________ a nonsteroidal, non-cyclooxygenase inhibitor of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist It is administered to treat canine osteoarthritis pain and inflammation.
galiprant
60
describe opioids
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase Closure of voltage-gated calcium channels Opening of potassium channels and membrane hyperpolarization
61
opioid agonists
morphine hydromorphone methadone fentanyl
62
opioid partial agonist
Butorphanol buprenorphine nalbuphine
63
opioid antagonists
naloxone naltrexone
64
alpha 2 agonists
Xylazine Clonidine Detomidine Romifidine Medetomidine Dexmedtomidine
65
alpha 2 antagonist
Yohimbine Tolazoline Atipamazole
66
Block NMDA receptors Decrease perception
ketamine and magnesium

Anesthesia (SAB) (17 decks)

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