Lecture 15-22

Question 1

Rods-sight

Answer 1

Low light conditions

Question 2

Cones - sight

Answer 2

Brighter conditions

Question 3

Two forms of elasmobranchs mechanoreception

Answer 3

Ears and lateral line

Question 4

What do lateral lines use to sense changes in water pressure

Answer 4

Neuromasts

Question 5

When do elasmobranchs use electromagnetic

Answer 5

Used to accurately strike when eyes are covered or rolled back

Question 6

What Strategy do elasmobranchs use for reproduction

Answer 6

K-strategy (slow growth, long time to maturity, few young, long gestation

Question 7

How do female elasmobranchs reproduce E.g. Give birth

Answer 7

All elasmobranchs have internal fertilisation but vary on birth method, yolk sac vivipary, placental vivipary, oviparity

Question 8

Oviparity (reproduction)

Answer 8

Egg-laying

Question 9

Oviviparity (reproduction)

Answer 9

Egg-carrying

Question 10

Viviparity (reproduction)

Answer 10

Live-bearing

Question 11

Features of Chondrichthyes (3)

Answer 11

Vertebrates, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins

Question 12

Elasmobranchs features (3)

Answer 12

Dermal dentacles, rigid dorsal fin, 5-7 gill clefts

Question 13

How do chimeras differ from sharks (3)

Answer 13

Upper jaws that are fused to their skull, 4 gills with one external opening, 3 pairs of large permanent grinding tooth plates

Question 14

On sharks what is their skin covered in

Answer 14

Thousands of placoid scales called dendrites

Question 15

What is the function of Sharks skin (3) and what do they have to do so its effective

Answer 15

Streamlining, prevents biotueling, tough armour

Requires swimming motion to be effective

Question 16

What are shark teeth made up of

Answer 16

Phosphatised cartilage

Question 17

Turtle respiration

Answer 17

Lungs attached to carapace, attached to viscera via connective tissue centrally

Question 18

What does downward stroke of the inner (secondaries) feathers on the wing produce?

Answer 18

Lift

Question 19

What does downward stroke of the outer (primaries) feathers on the wing produce?

Answer 19

Thrust

Question 20

Types of wings, elliptical wings:

Answer 20

Low aspect ratio, manoeuvrability

Question 21

Types of wings, high-speed wings:

Answer 21

High aspect ratio, speed, precision

Question 22

Types of wings, active soaring wings:

Answer 22

High aspect ratio, lots of lift

Question 23

Types of wings, passive soaring wings:

Answer 23

Medium aspect ratio

Question 24

What provides power for downward stroke (birds musculature)

Answer 24

Pectorals

Question 25

What provides power for upstroke (birds musculature)

Answer 25

Supracoracoideus (tendon passes through a canal and attaches to humerus)

Question 26

In birds digestive system what is the crop and gizzard used for?

Answer 26

Crop- food storage (milk), gizzard- grind food (stones)

Question 27

Endothermic

Answer 27

Organisms generate their own heat

Question 28

Ectothermic

Answer 28

Organisms gain heat from their environment

Question 29

Pros of endothermic

Answer 29

Can be active at temp extreme, day, night. Sustain high activity and things that need high metabolic rate

Question 30

Cons of endothermy

Answer 30

Very expensive

Question 31

What shape are carnivores and insectivores molars?

Answer 31

Pointed cusps

Question 32

What shape are omnivorous and frugivorous molars?

Answer 32

Flat and round

Question 33

How do p-values work in relation to a null hypothesis for a statistical test?

Answer 33

If a p-value is below 0.05 We fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 34

Some animals experience metamophosis in their life histories. What are the advantages of this?

Answer 34

Metamorphosis allows juvenile and adult insects to occupy different niches and therefore do not have to compete for resources

Question 35

Define ocelli

Answer 35

Simple photo-receptors (light detecting organs)

Question 36

Define telson (arthropods)

Answer 36

The telson is the posterior - most division of the body of an arthropod (tail)

Question 37

Common name of Porifera

Answer 37

Sponge

Question 38

Common name of Cnidaria

Answer 38

Jellyfish, corals and sea anemones

Question 39

Common name of Ctenophora

Answer 39

Jellyfish (lack stinging cells)

Question 40

Common name of Platyhelminthes

Answer 40

Flatworm, tapeworm or flukes

Question 41

Common name of Annelida

Answer 41

Earthworm, leeches, lugworms or polychaete

Question 42

Common name of Mollusca

Answer 42

Snails, limpets, whelks, clams squids

Question 43

Four major groups of Mollusca

Answer 43

Chitons, gastropoas, bivalves and cephalopods

Question 44

Example of chiton

Answer 44

Limpit

Question 45

Gastropoda example

Answer 45

Limpets, whelks

Question 46

Example of bivalves

Answer 46

Clams, oysters and mussels

Question 47

Example of cephalopods

Answer 47

Squids and octopuses

Question 48

Common name of nematode

Answer 48

Roundworms, hookworm

Question 49

Common name of Nematomorpha

Answer 49

Horsehair worms

Question 50

Common name of onychophora

Answer 50

Velvet worm

Question 51

Common name of tardigrade

Answer 51

Water-bear

Question 52

Common name of Arthropoda

Answer 52

Crustacean, insects, spiders and centipedes

Question 53

Common name of Echinodermata

Answer 53

Starfish, sea cucumber, brittle star

Question 54

Common name of Chordata

Answer 54

Mammal, reptiles, amphibian, vertebrates

Question 55

Common name of Scyphozoa

Answer 55

The true jellyfish