Lecture 15

Question 1

Morality was co-opted by _____________ and _____________ and they believed that it sprang from ______

Answer 1

philosophers and psychologists; reason

Question 2

____ and _______ studied development of ____ _________ in children

Answer 2

Kant and Piaget; moral reasoning

Question 3

Primatologists were not helpful in defining morality because they had been persuaded by __. __. ________ that the discussion of emotion in ______ was ______________

Answer 3

B. F. Skinner; animals; anthropomorphism

Question 4

The change in our study/view of morality is due to ________ _____

Answer 4

Jonathan Haidt

Question 5

Haidt was interested in the emotion of ______

Answer 5

disgust

Question 6

Haidt recounted 2 stories:

and everyone agreed that these were ____, but no one could explain ___ because no on had been ________

Answer 6

Story 1: family that cooked and ate dog after he died
Story 2: woman who cleaned her toilet with the American flag
wrong; why; injured

Question 7

Haidt argued that if you can’t _______ the ____ for your ____ ______, then it can’t be coming from ______

Answer 7

explain; basis; moral reasoning; reason

Question 8

Haidt says there are 2 types of moral judgement:

Answer 8

Type 1: moral intuition

Type 2: moral reasoning

Question 9

Define moral intuition

Answer 9

comes from the unconscious mind and is made instantly

Question 10

define moral reasoning

Answer 10

is a slower, after-the-fact process that is governed by the conscious mind, intellect

Question 11

Moral intuition and moral reasoning come from different ____ of the ____ - the intuitive part is ______

Answer 11

parts of the brain; genetic

Question 12

We are accustomed to using Type __ moral judgement but don’t always use Type __ and when we do, we come up with ______ that don’t always ___ _____

Answer 12

1; 2; reasons; make sense

Question 13

There is ___ specific acquisition of moral thinking and this also suggests its _____ foundation

Answer 13

age; genetic

Question 14

Children develop a mental list of ___________ actions

Answer 14

prohibited

Question 15

by age 3, children can ____ concepts of ____ and ___ _____

Answer 15

apply; good and bad actions

Question 16

By age 3-6 children can feel ____ if the standard is ________

Answer 16

guilt; violated

Question 17

Children everywhere follow the same ________ of moral thinking ___________

Answer 17

sequence; acquisition

Question 18

Moral sense develops over ____

Answer 18

time

Question 19

Moral sense/thinking is part of the ________ that ______ do for their children during their _____________ process

Answer 19

teaching; parents; developmental

Question 20

Moral _______ developed before moral _________, we know this because _____ _______ has clear roots in other ______

Answer 20

intuition; reasoning; moral intuition; species

Question 21

Moral reasoning likely developed after ________ __________ to help use explain our ____ _______ - and this might explain why _______ stopped at the _______ stage

Answer 21

language acquisition; moral thinking; animals; intuition

Question 22

A ________ basis for morality is also evident in ____ studies

Answer 22

biological; brain

Question 23

Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in __________ behavior and poor __________

Answer 23

antisocial; judgement

Question 24

Phineas Gage was in a railroad working accident and damage to his ________ ______ caused him to go from hardworking and responsible to _______, _____, and ___________

Answer 24

prefrontal cortex; profane, impatient, and disrespectful

Question 25

In the trolley problem where the choices are to divert the train and kill 1 person or not divert it and the train will kill 5 people, ___%, aka ____ people, agree that it is morally right to divert the train

Answer 25

90% aka most

Question 26

If the trolley problem is manipulated and you have to push an overweight man off a bridge to stop the train from killing 5 people, ___% of people say that it is the right choice to push the fat man.

Answer 26

10%

Question 27

70% of people were unable to explain ___ it was ok in the first scenario to kill one person but not it the second, showing that it is just _______ moral reasoning

Answer 27

why; intuitive

Question 28

Define the "contact" principle

Answer 28

the closer you are to the situation, or more 'physical' contact you have, the more it concerns you and vice versa

Question 29

Define the intention principle

Answer 29

an intentional act that results in harm is not okay, but a non-intentional act that does is okay

Question 30

Define the action principle

Answer 30

harm caused by an action is worse than harm caused by omission

Question 31

What is the utility of having a 2 part (intuition and reasoning) morality system?

Answer 31

It is good to have an intuitive moral compass to permit rapid action but later you can reflect upon the process after the crisis situation has passed

Question 32

Intuition morality is good for example out on the _________ to make ____-_______ decisions, but later you can compare the outcome to _____ ____, and decide whether the intuitive ______ align with group _____

Answer 32

savannah; split-second; group values; action; morals

Question 33

Social fabric is stronger if everyone has an _________ understanding of what is _____ and _____

Answer 33

intuitive; right and wrong

Question 34

________ ______ argued that social behavior arose as a defense against _______

Answer 34

Charles Darwin; predators

Question 35

In order to _______ you have to ________ the chaos, and ______ _______ are derived from this.

Answer 35

survive; organize; social instincts

Question 36

Human social instincts are the same as animals except that humans add 2 things:

Answer 36

1) a desire to be admired by peers | 2) remorse, repentance, regret, and shame for wrongdoing

Question 37

Charles Darwin said: "a moral being is one who is capable of _________ on his past _____ and their _________ - of ____________ some and ____________ of others"

Answer 37

reflecting; actions; motives; approving; disapproving

Question 38

Darwin's ideas were largely ________ in his time, because people did not want to ____ the line of _______ that separated ______ and ______

Answer 38

dismissed; blue; morality; humans and animals

Question 39

Darwin viewed social behavior not as a _________ but as a __________; other thinkers did not agree that _______ __________ shaped morality or that if it was genetic it must have been some sort of _________ for some other process that was selected for

Answer 39

dichotomy; continuum; natural selection; byproduct

Question 40

During Darwin's time, the researchers hated ________________ needed to impute moral behavior to animals

Answer 40

anthropomorphism

Question 41

________ ___________ was the first biologist (after the publication of Sociobiology by E.O. Wilson) to resume study of _______ in a __________ context

Answer 41

Richard Alexander; morality; biological

Question 42

Alexander argued that _________ usually live in small groups and ____ usually live in herds. Humans break this rule because the main predator of humans is _______, so the ________ pressures on humans are __________

Answer 42

predators; prey; humans; selective; different

Question 43

What are the effects of incessant warfare throughout human history? - greater _____ complexity - greater ___________ - greater ___-________ because of greater _________

Answer 43

social; intelligence; self-restraint; bellicosity

Question 44

only in humans is the major ______ force other ________ of the ____ ______

Answer 44

hostile; members; same species

Question 45

Moral system encodes group _______ to facilitate ability to _______ with other human groups

Answer 45

cohesion; compete

Question 46

A definition of morality that takes ______ info account: "we understand morality as a sense of right and wrong that is born out of group-wide systems of conflict management based on shared values. Moral systems thus provide a set of rules and incentives to resolve competition and conflicts within the group in the service of the greater good"

Answer 46

biology

Question 47

benefits to __________ derive from ____ benefits of _______ distribution and _________ _____

Answer 47

individuals; group; resource distribution and collective action

Question 48

We ________ the moral _______ process from _________

Answer 48

inherited; intuitive; primates

Question 49

Moral reasoning evolved with ________ to ______ one's ______ to the group, maintain __________

Answer 49

neocortex; justify; actions; reputation

Question 50

small groups are prone to ______ and it's a useful function

Answer 50

gossip

Question 51

Humans maintain elaborate '___________' about our behavior, and so our behavior is curbed by need for group ___________, because if you are "___", your _________ is in jeopardy

Answer 51

scorecards; acceptance; out; survival

Question 52

Fear of _________ solidified into an imperative

Answer 52

dissaproval

Question 53

some unique human behaviors that came from fear of disapproval are ________ to suggest our ability to show ____ and ________ are important to our ____________

Answer 53

blushing; shame and remorse; evolution

Question 54

there is adaptive value of broadcasting __________ over transgressing _____ _____ to group

Answer 54

discomfort; social rules

Question 55

moral grammar is ________ and _______ in humans

Answer 55

universal and genetic

Question 56

humans big brains allowed us to ____ for _________, and so individuals could calculate actions that would be in _____ ___ interest and might _______ or ___________ group standards, so a new 'enforcement device' was needed to maintain social cohesion, and this was ______

Answer 56

think for ourselves; their own; violate or undermine; religion

Question 57

religion codified the _____ _____ and provided an ___________ mechanism

Answer 57

moral codes; enforcement

Question 58

humans have an ________ sense of morality as well as a ________ sense of morality

Answer 58

intuitive; rational

Question 59

We can concoct scenarios that challenge our sense of ______ - such as the ______ ___ ___________

Answer 59

morality; trolley car experiments

Question 60

________ also have an ______ sense of morality

Answer 60

animals; intuitive

Question 61

It is likely humans ________ a _______ sense of morality as a need to _____ on behavior and ensure their behaviors were _________ with the group ____/_____

Answer 61

evolved; rational; reflect; consistent; ethics/morals