Lecture 15

Question 1

T/F: Adequate levels of thyroxine (T4) affects metabolism

Answer 1

True

Question 2

xerostomia and increased risk of caries due to changes in oral microbiome are dental complications of _____

Answer 2

radioiodine therapy

Question 3

enzyme found primarily in the thyroid that activates iodine for incorporation into tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the production of T4 or T3. Encoded by the TPO gene.

Answer 3

thyroid peroxidase

Question 4

blocks the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb and utilize dietary iodine, and effect that is of concern when iodine drops off; ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes low iodine when contaminated

Answer 4

perchlorate

Question 5

distorted sense of taste (quality of life issue)

Answer 5

dysgeusia

Question 6

(dry mouth syndrome) subjective symptom of dryness of the mouth. Reduced salivary flow or change in composition of the saliva. Common and can be a side effect of medication or other treatments like radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer or for treating Graves disease.

Answer 6

xerostomia

Question 7

underproduction of cortisol; can result from autoimmune diseases

Answer 7

Addison’s disease

Question 8

located on top of kidneys; consists of 2 parts

Answer 8

adrenal glands

Question 9

high levels of adrenaline

Answer 9

pheochromocytoma

Question 10

main mineralcorticoid

Answer 10

aldosterone

Question 11

site of production of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Answer 11

adrenal medulla

Question 12

common treatment for Graves Disease which leads to death/atrophy of the thyroid gland where it concentrates.

Answer 12

Radioactive iodine (131I)

Question 13

also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland leading to reduced production of thyroid hormone.

Answer 13

Hashimoto’s disease

Question 14

health and developmental consequences of low iodine; especially damaging during early pregnancy and early childhood; can lead to cretinism, stillbirth, and miscarriage; even mild deficiency can cause a significant loss of hearing ability

Answer 14

iodine deficiency disorders

Question 15

produces catecholamines

Answer 15

adrenal medulla

Question 16

any biological process which exhibits a repeating oscillatory behavior of about 24 h cycle length.

Answer 16

circadian

Question 17

triiodothyronine, a primary regulator of metabolic rate and function from fat, protein, and carbohydrate energy sources

Answer 17

T3

Question 18

abnormally high secretion of T3 and T4 hormones.

Answer 18

hyperthryroidism

Question 19

____ is major form in blood; longer half-life than _____

Answer 19

T4, T3

Question 20

_____ deficiency can lead to decreased T3 levels because _____ is found in iodothyronine deiodinase

Answer 20

selenium, selenium metal ions

Question 21

main glucocorticoid

Answer 21

cortisol

Question 22

main catecholamines

Answer 22

adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Question 23

concentration of T3 _____ when concentration of TSH increases

Answer 23

increases

Question 24

T/F: Steroid covers are essential for routine dental procedures

Answer 24

False

Question 25

ecurrent cycles repeated within a 24 h circadian day.

Answer 25

ultradian

Question 26

in Grave's disease, the autoimmune reaction is due to an antibody that binds to the _______ receptor, which stimulates the thyroid to overproduce

Answer 26

thyrotropin

Question 27

an immune reaction to substance or substances normally present within the body.

Answer 27

autoimmune disease

Question 28

one of the disorders that results in overproduction of thyroid hormones. It is caused by an autoimmune production of antibodies against the TSH receptor which result in constitutive activation of the receptor and elevated secretion of thyroxine (T4).

Answer 28

Graves disease

Question 29

converts T4 to T3 in target cells

Answer 29

iodothyronine deiodinase

Question 30

is required as a nutrient by higher animals to synthesize thyroid hormones. Radioactive as well as non-radioactive are concentrated in the thyroid gland.

Answer 30

iodine

Question 31

T/F: 3,3',5' is metabolically active

Answer 31

False

Question 32

T/F: 3,5,3' is metabolically active

Answer 32

True

Question 33

abnormally large thyroid

Answer 33

goiter

Question 34

greatly accelerated metabolism, heart problems, osteoporosis, eye problems, red swollen skin, thyrotoxic crisis, brittle hair, and abnormal thermal regulation are all common symptoms of

Answer 34

hyperthyroidism

Question 35

concentration of T4 _____ when concentration of TSH increases

Answer 35

decreases

Question 36

increase aldosterone, which controls blood pressure and body salt and potassium levels

Answer 36

hyperaldosteronism

Question 37

synthesis of the thyroid hormones involves the protein ________

Answer 37

thyroglobulin

Question 38

enlarged or swollen tongue

Answer 38

marcoglossia

Question 39

single largest endocrine gland in the body; produces calcitonin; 2 lobes; only tissue capable of absorbing iodine

Answer 39

thyroid

Question 40

stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone and Prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Produced from the hypothalamus.

Answer 40

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 41

bronzing hyperpigmentation of the skin, oral mucosal melanosis- buccal mucosa, tongue are signs of

Answer 41

addison's disease

Question 42

large dimeric protein produced by and used within the thyroid gland; bound to T3 and T4 is called colloid; a precursor of T3 and T4; is produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Answer 42

thyroglobulin

Question 43

cluster of metabolic risk factors; excessive abdominal fat, high blood pressure, high triglyceride and/or cholesterol levels, high blood sugar; can result in serious disease like heart disease and T2DM

Answer 43

metabolic syndrome

Question 44

abnormally low secretion of T3 and T4 hormones

Answer 44

hypothyroidism

Question 45

fatty tissue deposition (moon face), osteoporosis, delayed healing of fractures and soft tissue injuries are signs of

Answer 45

cushing's syndrome

Question 46

produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

Answer 46

adrenal cortex

Question 47

autoimmune disease that is T-cell mediated where the immune system attack the thyroid; affects Women more than man; patients develop a goiter as disease progresses

Answer 47

Hashimoto's

Question 48

more common in women over age 60; symptoms include fatigue, sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, and puffy face

Answer 48

hypothyroidism

Question 49

______ is one of the most common glandular disorders of the endocrine system; 4-5x. more prevalent in females than in males

Answer 49

thyroid dysfunction

Question 50

Produced by the thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates endocrine function of the thyroid gland.

Answer 50

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 51

thyroxine, a primary regulator of metabolic rate and function. Major form of the hormone in the blood has a longer half-life than T3.

Answer 51

T4

Question 52

______ occurs when antiboides stimulate the thyroid which consequently shuts down the feedback mechanism

Answer 52

hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

Question 53

main adrenal androgens

Answer 53

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone

Question 54

overproduction of the adrenal hormone cortisol.

Answer 54

cushing's syndrome

Question 55

eads to decreased production of T3 and T4 and enlarges the thyroid causing goiter.

Answer 55

iodine deficiency

Question 56

site of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens.

Answer 56

adrenal cortex