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MOD S1 > Lecture 1.5- E1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1.5- E1 Flashcards

Stress and Physical Adaptation

1
Q

What is Stress?

A

It is the body’s reaction to harmful forces (Stressors) that are capable of disturbing our homeostasis.
- body’s way of responding to a challenge

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2
Q

characteristics of stress

A

Real or perceived
Short or long-term
Isolated or recurrent

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3
Q

what is routine stress

A

everyday issues like work, school, etc.

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4
Q

what is episodic acute stress

A

Transient, out-of-the-ordinary events such as loss of job, death in the family, major illnesses, etc.

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5
Q

what is traumatic stress

A

Life threatening events such as war, famine, assault, major accidents, etc.

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6
Q

Anxiety

A

The vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread, which is often accompanied by an autonomic response (fight or flight)

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7
Q

Stressors

A

Any physical, physiological, or psychological force that is capable of disturbing our homeostasis equilibrium.

physical could be increase HR, nausea

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal body. It is maintained by the ever-changing processes of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal stimuli.

if we are cold our body will increase HR to warm up

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

Response of an organism to stress to restore homeostasis and equilibrium.

  • putting a jacket on when cold
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10
Q

What about an individual can affect their response to stress?

A

Age, General Health, Social Support, Genetic Influences (history mental illness in family) , and Nurture Influences (family doesnt handle stress well)

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11
Q

important to remember

A

your patient may be doing well and appear healthy on paper but are they really doing great? do they have support they need, are they eating healthy and enough, etc

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12
Q

fear vs anxiety

A

fear is the stress response from immediate danger

anxiety is the stress response just from your thoughts

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13
Q

Stressor characteristics

A

The Type of Stressor: routine, episodic, traumatic
Persistence of Stressor: chronic or short (PA school- 15 months of hard then done)
Perception of Stressor: How we perceive the stressor ( if you have good insurance you may not be scared if your house burns down, contrary is no insurance and you lost everything, etc)
Origin of Stressor: Endogenous (internal) or Exogenous (external)

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14
Q

example of endogenous and exogenous stressor

A

endogenous- dehydration from disease, anxiety about falling in a cheer competition
exogenous- mental stress from work (work is the stressor), recent death of spouse

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15
Q

what reactions can a stressor produce in a person?

A

similar responses in different people, different responses in similar people, similar or different responses in the same person at different times

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16
Q

factors that can vary stress

A
  • properties of the stressor (severity or duration)
  • time of life, prof Jensen lost her job a month ago would’ve been stressed bc husband in school vs now husband has income and insurance too
  • conditioning of patient being stressed
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17
Q

How does stress affect the two ANS pathways?

A

Activates sympathetic, deactivates parasympathetic

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18
Q

what is eustress

A

mild, brief, controllable periods of stress that can be perceived as positive stimuli to emotional and intellectual growth and development
- may not feel good going through but will help in the end

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19
Q

what is distress

A

severe, protracted, and or uncontrollable situations of psychological and physical distress that are !!disruptive to health!!

20
Q

fight or flight response

A

-meant to protect the person against acute threats
- normally time limited
- useful especially in immediate physical threat
- not so useful to stressors like work, exams
- activates sympathetic nervous system

21
Q

Neurological Brainstem Response to Stress

A

Brainstem: Coordinates our body’s response

22
Q

Autonomic nervous system response to sress

A

Coordinated by locus caeruleus (LC)

Increased sympathetic: BP, HR, RR, pupil dilation, sweating, skeletal muscle, heart, and lung blood flow

Decreased parasympatethic : gastric function, peripheral blood flow and other viscera.

23
Q

cerebral cortex response in stress

A

Regulates cognitive activities like focus, planning, attention, and persistence.

24
Q

limbic system response to stress

A

-Regulates emotional activities and the reticular activating system (RAS).

-Limbic includes fear, anxiety, anger, and excitement.

  • RAS includes alertness, muscle tension, and ANS stimulation.
25
thalamus response to stress
Regulates and intensifies sensory input, such as our vision, hearing, or smell.
26
hypothalamus response to stress
Regulates stress hormones and acts on the ANS.
27
Endocrine Response to Stress
Release of 4 hormones: Cortisol, Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.
28
What is the pathway and effect of cortisol?
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH in the hypothalamus) -> adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH in the pituitary) -> cortisol (adrenal glands) -Alters metabolism and increases blood glucose levels. -Decreases inflammatory response.
29
What are the 3 catecholamines and what do they do?
-Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine. -Increased blood flow to heart, lungs, brain, and skeletal muscles. -Decreased blood flow to nonvital organs such as skin and stomach.
30
What happens to our other hormones during stress? growth, thyroid, repro, oxytocin
Growth Hormone: suppressed in chronic stress. Thyroid hormones: Decreased TSH and inhibited conversion of T4 to T3. Reproductive Hormones: Anovulation and amenorrhea in females. Decreased spermatogenesis and testosterone in males. Oxytocin: Released in stressful periods -> encourages social contact.
31
What happens to our immune system due to stress?
Cortisol - steroidal effects, anti inflammatory- hindering bpdy's natural response to immune and inflammatory insults It inhibits the replication of T-cells and causes negative feedback to IL-1. Prolonged stress can cause an increase in cytokines and cause illness-like symptoms.( fatigue, poor appetite) prolonged stress leads to increased inflammatory mediators , increased susceptibility to infections
32
3 Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Stage Resistance Stage Exhaustion Stage
33
Alarm Stage
This is the fight or flight stage, - catecholamines( dop, epi, norepi) and cortisol released - supression GH, thyroid hormone, repro hormones - ADH (anti diuretic) released ( fluid retention to increase BP)
34
Resistance Stage
This is the stage where the stressor is persisting. Our parasympathetic system returns most of our function to normal (catecholamines and cortisol partially/totally decrease), but our hormones remain suppressed and blood glucose high. The immune system is also still suppressed.
35
Exhaustion Stage
This is the stage where the stressor is chronic and overwhelming. Our tissues begin degenerating as they run out of energy and our hippocampus becomes impaired (thinking, focus, memory). We are more susceptible to death and other diseases.
36
Acute Stress Physiological Effects
* less tendency to do extensive damage *more commonly experienced Emotional Distress Muscular: tension headaches, back pain, jaw pain, strains and sprains GI: heartburn, dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, acid reflux/GERD, IBS CV: HTN, tachycardia, palps, cold extremities, edema, CP Pulm: SOB Neuro: Migraines, dizziness, insomnia.
37
Chronic Stress Physiological Effects
*long term, more sever sequelae Everything with acute PLUS Immunologic: suppression GI: stress ulcers Endocrine: increased risk for DM and weight gain Reproductive: decreased libido, infertility, irregular menses Psych: mood disorders, substance abuse Neuro: loss of focus and memory *when a patient is here try to get them back to homeostasis ASAP- meds, therapy, support, etc*
38
Harmful Adaptation Patterns
Substance use Diet: overeating Sleep: Hyper or Hyposomnia Behaviors: Risk-taking, self harm, over-exercising, procrastination Relationships: redirection of negativity
39
what is adaptation
response of an organism to restore homeostasis and equilibrium
40
normal adaptations to physiologic and psychosocial environmental threats
Physiologic: moment by moment basis by feedback mechanisms specific to individual threat specific response Psychosocial: not regulated with same specificity and intrinsic feedback mechanisms response more likely to be inappropriate and sustained
41
examples of harmful adaptations
substances- smoking, drinking diet- over/under eating sleep - hyper hypo somnia behavior- risk taking behaior, self har, ED relationships- redirecting negativity onto co workers, loved one, etc
42
What 10 factors affect our ability to adapt?
Physiologic Reserve Previous Experience/Learning Time Genetics Age Heath Status Nutrition Sleep Hardiness Psychosocial Factors
43
How can we manage stress?
Exercising regularly Eating a good diet Sleeping well Taking breaks
44
What is CBT?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Identify, question( should this be a stressor to me?), and restructure priorities (make room for stress relief). Discuss feelings and keep perspective.
45
Non-pharmacological stress interventions
Relaxation Techniques, Spiritual Support, Acupuncture, and Hypnosis
46
What relaxation techniques are there?
Deep breathing exercises Muscle relaxation Meditation/Mindfulness Biofeedback Massage Therapy

MOD S1 (18 decks)

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