Lecture 15.A

Question 1

what are the 4 types of plants

Answer 1

• moss
• ferns
• gymnosperms
• angiosperms

Question 2

which plants are not vascular ?

Answer 2

bryophytes (moss)

Question 3

the plants may have evolved from a group of ___

Answer 3

aquatic green algae (protists)

Question 4

are green algae categorized as plants?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

What is a Plant ?

Answer 5

Multicellular, eukaryotic
Cellulose in cell wall
Store excess glucose as starch

Form embryos

Most Terrestrial (sea grasses are aquatic)
Most have roots, stems, leaves (algae don’t have)
Autotrophic: (almost all) produce own organic compounds

Have adaptations that allow for survival & reproduction on land

Question 6

what is the most common plant? %?

Answer 6

angiosperms, 87%

Question 7

GAMETES ARE PROTECTED IN __.

Answer 7

POLLENGRAINS

Question 8

Organ systems of plants?

Answer 8

shoot (made up of stems & leaves) & root systems

Question 9

organs of plants?

Answer 9

stems, leaves, roots (additional organs in higher plants)

Question 10

tissues of plants?

Answer 10

xylem, phloem, epidermis

Question 11

Almost (vascular ones) all plants have these (vegetative) organs

Answer 11

roots, stems, leaves

Question 12

function of stems?

Answer 12

Stems: ↑ height of plants & ↑ exposure to light
Transport of nutrients
Support for leaves, flowers, fruits

Question 13

function of roots

Answer 13

Roots: Anchor plants, nutrient uptake & storage

Question 14

function of Leaves

Answer 14

Leaves: Site of photosynthesis

↑ surface area exposed to light: ↑ photosynthesis

Question 15

reproduction organs of angiosperms? (male & female)

Answer 15

Female flowers: ovary (which contain the ovule), stigma, style, and petals
Male flowers: anthers (contain pollen grains), filaments, and petals

Question 16

reproduction organs of gymnosperms? (male & female)

Answer 16

Female cones contain the ovule (which contains the egg)

Male cones contain pollen grains (contains sperm)

Question 17

reproduction organs of ferns? (male & female)

Answer 17

Female archegonium, contains a single egg.

The male antheridium, contains many flagellated sperm.

Question 18

reproduction organs of moss? (male & female)

Answer 18

Female archegonium contains eggs,

male antheridium contains sperm.

Question 19

function of epidermis

Answer 19

Epidermis: covers plant surfaces

Question 20

function of vascular tissue

Answer 20

Vascular tissue : transports nutrients

Essential to distribute nutrients, hormones

Question 21

function of ground tissue

Answer 21

Ground tissue: performs specific functions like photosynthesis, food storage, hormone production

Question 22

what reactions do plants do?

Answer 22

plants do photosynthesis (need CO2, make O2) & cellular respiration (need O2, make CO2)

Question 23

which organ in plants is responsible for photosynthesis?

Answer 23

mesophyll

Question 24

function of xylem

Answer 24

Xylem (made up of dead cells)–water, minerals

Question 25

function of phloem

Answer 25

Phloem (alive)- sugars, aa, fa, hormones

Question 26

Rhizoids?

Answer 26

root-like ie anchor them to their substrate, but no vascular tissue here so can absorb water & nutrients, but 1) so do “leaves” & 2) nutrients must be distributed by cell-to-cell diffusion.

Question 27

how do water and nutrients move in the non-vascular plants?

Answer 27

by diffusion from cell to cell.

Question 28

Nutrients move between cells by diffusion through __

Answer 28

plasmodesmata (pores)

Question 29

Benefits to living on land (plants)

Answer 29

Sun not filtered by water and plankton Great for photosynthesis, but have developed adaptations to protect against UV damage More plentiful CO2 Nutrient-rich soil

Question 30

plant challenges (water and on land): Water loss

Answer 30

water: not a problem land: Plant body, gametes, & embryos can dry out (desiccation) (waxy cuticle & reproductive adaptations)

Question 31

plant challenges (water and on land): gas exchange

Answer 31

water: by diffusion -gases dissolved in water land: Reduced due to waxy cuticle. (Stomata)

Question 32

plant challenges (water and on land): structural support

Answer 32

water: not a problem land: Gravity may cause collapsing (lignin in vascular tissue)

Question 33

plant challenges (water and on land): reproduction

Answer 33

water: flagellated (swimming) gametes must find the egg land: Fertilization: Little water for swimming gametes (some swim, others float thru air or transported by pollinators).

Question 34

function of waxy cuticle

Answer 34

Protects against 1. Water loss by evaporation 2. Microbes

Question 35

function of stomata

Answer 35

Photosynthesis: let in CO2, let out O2 Cellular respiration: O2 in, CO2 out Transpiration: let out H2O vapor. Close if loosing too much water.

Question 36

what are stomata

Answer 36

Pores on surface of leaves & stems for gas exchange

Question 37

Why would a plant die if left outside for several days when it is hot & dry?

Answer 37

stomata will close in order to prevent water loss, will not do photosynthesis, no cellular respiration, because no gas exchange. (no carbs made)

Question 38

what are Mycorrhiza

Answer 38

the name for a mutualistic association between a fungus & a land plant

Question 39

what are Rhizomes

Answer 39

underground stem (don’t confuse with rhizoids)

Question 40

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To limit water loss:

Answer 40

thick cuticle, fewer stomata, opening stomata only at night to gather and store CO2

Question 41

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To store water:

Answer 41

Enlarged stems for water storage (ex. cacti) | Thicker leaves for water storage (ex. aloe)

Question 42

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To take up water:

Answer 42

Deep root systems | Shallow laterally extensive root systems

Question 43

Plant Adaptations to Wet Climates?

Answer 43

Thin cuticle (if any) Air sacs and large flat leaves for flotation Increased number of stomata

Question 44

Plant Adaptations in the cold?

Answer 44

Conical shape & flexible branches shed snow. | Evergreen: more time for photosynthesis*

Question 45

why does salt kill plants?

Answer 45

salt draws water out of the cells

Question 46

plant adaptation to salty water?

Answer 46

salt glands that excrete salt from the cells

Question 47

plant adaptation to nitrogen-poor soil

Answer 47

they become Mixotrophic, so they consume the nitrogen from insects

Question 48

can photosynthetic plants parasitize other plants?

Answer 48

yes, you can have photosynthetic plants that parasitize other plants.

Question 49

Aside from plants, what other organisms are producers?

Answer 49

``` Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic protists (desmids, diatoms, euglena) ```

Question 50

how is photosynthesis related to carbon fixation

Answer 50

Carbon fixation occurs during photosynthesis, when CO2 in the air is incorporated (fixed) into sugar (an organic molecule).

Question 51

Why is nitrogen needed by plants

Answer 51

They need it to make various molecules including, but not limited to, amino acids and nucleic acids.

Question 52

How is vascular tissue similar to our circulatory system?

Answer 52

Like our circulatory system, it is used to transport nutrients, hormones, and various other chemicals, throughout the body.

Question 53

why must non-vascular plants live in moist surroundings?

Answer 53

Since they don’t have vascular tissue, they don’t have roots for efficient uptake of water and they must transport their water from cell-to-cell. In addition, they require water for reproduction.

Question 54

Why would a plant die if left outside for several days when it is hot & dry?

Answer 54

For 2 reasons: 1. It would become dehydrated: water would leave the root cells by osmosis & 2. The stomata would be closed to reduce water loss, preventing the cells in the leaf from doing cellular respiration (so no ATP, cells die) or photosynthesis (if over a long time, plant dies).

Question 55

What limits the growth of moss as compared to a sycamore tree?

Answer 55

Absence of lignin & vascular tissue

Question 56

what are the 3 components of a seed

Answer 56

a seed coat, an embryo, and a cotyledon.