LECTURE 16

Question 1

ANTIBODY

Answer 1

a protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that bind to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin. All antibodies have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

Question 2

MEMORY CELLS

Answer 2

one of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. Activated memory cells mount the secondary immune response

Question 3

EFFECTOR CELLS

Answer 3

(1) a muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body’s response to stimuli as directed by signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system (2) a lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an adaptive immune response

Question 4

CLONAL SELECTION

Answer 4

the process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiated into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen

Question 5

HEAVY CHAIN

Answer 5

one of the two types of poly-peptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region

Question 6

LIGHT CHAIN

Answer 6

one of the two types of poly-peptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region

Question 7

PLASMA CELLS

Answer 7

the antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity. Plasma cells arise from antigen-stimulated B cells

Question 8

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 8

long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization

Question 9

SELF-TOLERANCE

Answer 9

mature lymphocytes do not attack self components; antigen receptors are generated by random rearrangement of DNA

Question 10

CLONAL DELETION

Answer 10

as lymphocytes mature in bone marrow (B cells) or the thymus (T cells), they are tested for self-reactivity; some B and T cells with receptors specific for the body’s own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis

Question 11

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 11

short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant

Question 12

VACCINE

Answer 12

a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Question 13

IMMUNIZATION

Answer 13

the process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means. in active immunization, also called vaccination, an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, including B and T cell responses and immunological memory. in passive immunization, antibodies specific for a particular microbe are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection

Question 14

ALLERGY

Answer 14

are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens

Question 15

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Answer 15

an immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself

Question 16

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

Answer 16

an acute allergic response; a sudden, systemic allergic reaction characterized by vasodilation resulting in decreased BP, decreased O2 of tissues, bronchospasm

Question 17

ANTIHISTAMINE

Answer 17

block receptors for histamines and diminish allergy symptoms

Question 18

MAST CELLS

Answer 18

a vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic responses