Lecture 17 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 17 Deck (23)
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1
Q

How to Synergists help?

A

They prevent weakening contraction from excessive shortening of the prime mover

2
Q

What are Fixator muscles?

A

Short muscles acting as stabilisers at a joint.

They ‘pull’ bone into the joint, for stability

3
Q

When is a muscle injury likely to be an avulsion fracture

A

In infancy and childhood, weakest site is the tendon/bone interface

4
Q

Which type of muscles are more susceptible to injury?

A

2 - joint muscles, as a result of strain

5
Q

Which site is the point of entry into the muscle?

A

the Neurovascular Hilum (motor point)

6
Q

What are the types of Bones?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

7
Q

What is a sesamoid bone

A

Lies within a tendon, for protection

8
Q

Pneumatic Bone is…

A

Bone that have air spaces within them which makes them lighter than more solid bone. They are only found in the skull.

9
Q

What are the typical features of a long bone?

A

Proximal and Distal ends
Shaft
Articular and non-articular surfaces

10
Q

The Periosteum of the bone is where and contains what?

A

Covering the compact bone (outer layer)

  • Protects it, fibrous layer (outer)
  • Inner (osteogenic) layer, production of new bone cells

Rich nerve and Blood supply (where majority of pain comes from)

11
Q

Which cells come more-so from bone marrow

A

Red Blood Cells

12
Q

What is intra-membarnous-ossification?

A

Bones forming in membrane, there can be evidence of this in infants (fontanelle on cranium)

This allows skull to change it’s shape.

There is Anterior and Posterior fontanelle.
(Closed by 18 months)

13
Q

What are the 3 Types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline - articular, at the ends of bones

Fibro - Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci, and the TMJ

Elastic - present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is Elastin.

14
Q

What are Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

15
Q

What is the process of bone formation

A

Bone first appears in middle of shaft

Cartilage progressively replaced by bone, extending towards the ends

Bone simultaneously formed in Periosteal and endosteal layers, to remodel the medullary cavity

16
Q

The diaphysis is the..

A

shaft

17
Q

Epiphysis forms which part of the bone?

A

The end/parts with articular cartilage

18
Q

True or False. The Metaphysis forms part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphysis at each end

A

True.

Metaphysis is a site of remodelling and high metabolic activity

19
Q

True or False. The Epiphysial growth plate is made up of Hyaline cartilage

A

True

are fully replaced by new bone

20
Q

True or false. Nutrient foramen and artery bring cells that destroy bone.

A

True, they are osteoclasts.

to help remodel bone

21
Q

Bone formation at ends of bone. these are ______ centres of ossification

A

Secondary.

at head of bone

22
Q

Chondrocytes are..

A

The only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.

23
Q

True or False, a compound fracture breaks through the skin.

A

True