Lecture 17 & 18

Question 1

4 key functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

gas exchange
regulation of pH of body fluids
temperature control
voice production

Question 2

by what process does O2 cross through membranes

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

process of O2 to target tissues

Answer 3

O2 goes from airways to lungs –> cross through lung cells –> into bloodstream –> O2 in bloodstream will then travel to whatever tissue it needs to go to –> gets to target tissue by diffusion

Question 4

What % of O2 and CO2 are atmospheric gases

Answer 4

O2 = 20.95%
CO2= .04%

Question 5

the amoung of pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture

Answer 5

partial pressure

Question 6

layers of tissues that separates the internal tissues from the external environment

Answer 6

gas exchange membranes

Question 7

gases reach the membrane by _______ transport and Cross the membrane by ______

Answer 7

convection transport ( ventilation and circulation)

diffusion

Question 8

diffusion rate of gases is dependent on

Answer 8

partial pressure gradient (^gradient = faster)
membrane thickness (thinner = faster)
membrane permeability 
difference in partial pressure (^ pressure = more gas molecules)

Question 9

moving of teh O2/CO2 as a part of air (ventilation) or blood (circulation)

Answer 9

convective transport

Question 10

List the airways of the mammalian respiratory system from the outside to most internal/smallest

Answer 10

nasal passages -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 11

long tube that connects nostrils to lungs

Answer 11

trachea

Question 12

artery vs. vein

Answer 12

artery = blood to lungs
vein = blood from lungs

Question 13

Larynx job

Answer 13

regulates air flow - constrict shut, relaxed open
vocal cords - controlled by cartilage
expel foreign objects

Question 14

trachea has what 2 cell types

Answer 14

mucous cells - lubricating

ciliated cells- remove solid particles

Question 15

structure of alveoli

Answer 15

thin walled, excellent blood supply

Question 16

cavity at the back of nasal passages and the mouth

common cavity for the digestive and respiratory systems

Answer 16

pharynx

Question 17

what is the difference between conducting and respiratory airways?

Answer 17

conducting = passages that bring air to/from exchange surface (no exchange occurs)

respiratory= where gas exchange occurs, high surface area and good blood supply

Question 18

gas exchange occurs where in birds?

Answer 18

parabronchi

Question 19

these help with moving air through the parabronchi because birds do not have a diaphragm

Answer 19

Air sacs

GAS EXCHANGE DOES NOT OCCUR HERE

Question 20

Ventilation is broken down into 2 parts:

Answer 20

exhalation (air out) and inhalation (air in)

Question 21

Inhalation

Answer 21

ALWAYS need ATP = active –> muscle contraction

negative pressure –> draws air into lung

Question 22

exhalation

Answer 22

rest –> passive –> muscles that were contracting relax
ribcage and diaphragm return to normal
positive pressure
air forced out of lungs

Question 23

External intercostals

Answer 23

ribcage moves up and out

expands chest cavity

Question 24

diaphragm

Answer 24

creates suction

Question 25

2 components of breathing

Answer 25

inspiration and expiration

Question 26

this kind of system gets air into and out of the lungs

Answer 26

"elastic system"

Question 27

inspiration requires coordinated muscle contraction by the ________ and ________

Answer 27

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 28

respiratory airways are composed of what type of air

Answer 28

stale air and 12% fresh air

Question 29

O2 diffuses across the alveolar membrane and capillary endothelium in what direction

Answer 29

HIgh Po2 (air in alveoli) --> low Po2 (blood in capillaries)

Question 30

amount of air that comes into and out of the lungs

Answer 30

tidal volume

Question 31

maximum amount of air that can move into and out of the lungs during breathing (forceful exhalation and inspiration)

Answer 31

vital capacity

Question 32

amount of air that cannot be forcefully expired from the lungs

Answer 32

residual volume (~10%)

Question 33

minute volume (mL/min) =

Answer 33

tidal volume (mL/breath) * resp. rate (breath/min)

Question 34

rate that "new" air enters the respiratory airways

Answer 34

alveolar ventilation rate

Question 35

alveolar ventilation rate=

Answer 35

(tidal volume-volume of conducting airways) * R.R.

Question 36

What are the 3 factors that drive respiratory rate

Answer 36

1. deliver enough O2 to tissues 2. remove CO2 from blood 3. thermoregulation

Question 37

what is the neural control of ventilation

Answer 37

autonomic neurons in the medulla region of the brain

Question 38

Ventilatory neurons in this complex of the medualla initiate the breathing rhythm

Answer 38

pre-Botzinger complex

Question 39

what is the purpose of chemoreceptors and what are the 3 main ones to monitor

Answer 39

main sensory input for R.R. pO2, pCO2, pH

Question 40

these chemoreceptors are le sensitive than those for pCO2 + pH

Answer 40

O2

Question 41

chemoreception outside of the central nervous system =

Answer 41

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 42

in artery going to the brain

Answer 42

carotid bodies

Question 43

not in humans, seen in dogs & cats,

Answer 43

aortic bodies --> aorta

Question 44

stretch receptors in lung tissue

Answer 44

mechanoreceptors | activated --> message to pons --> message to medulla

Question 45

mechanoreceptors are stimulated during

Answer 45

inspiration

Question 46

this reflex prevents over-distension (stretching) of lungs - makes it so animal can only breath in so deeply

Answer 46

hering-breuer reflex

Question 47

possible mechanisms for the increase in respiratory rate with exercise

Answer 47

increase PCO + decrease pH sensors in limbs synchronization with stride thermoregulation