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BIPN 100 > lecture 17: blood pressure and cardiac output > Flashcards

lecture 17: blood pressure and cardiac output Flashcards

1
Q

pressure reservoir

A

maintain blood flow during ventricular relaxation
aorta and arteries
expandable tissue/very elastic
elastic recoil
blood flow continues forward
ensures pressure gradient

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2
Q

resistance vessels

A

arterioles
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
changing blood flow
distributing blood by changing resistance

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3
Q

capillaries

A

where exchange between blood and cells takes place
O2, CO2, metabolites, etc.
diffusion happens effectively

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4
Q

BP too low

A

sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction to increase BP in veins
cannot hold as much blood, can only go towards the heart
increase venous return
larger EDV
increase in pumping more forcefully, increase speed of contraction
near pressure reservoir

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5
Q

volume reservoir

A

veins and venules
some elastin, some smooth muscle
walls thinner, more superficial, more compliant than arterioles
help with venous return
60% of blood flow

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6
Q

blood pressure decrease

A
  1. ventricle contracts (systole)
  2. SL valve opens
    —-threshold reached
    —-blood ejected from ventricles flows into the arteries
  3. aorta and arteries expand and store pressure/energy in elastic walls
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7
Q

blood pressure increase

A
  1. isovolumic ventricular relaxation (lower pressure)
  2. SL valve shuts
    —-ventricle in diastole
    —- prevents flow back into ventricle
  3. elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward towards tissues
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8
Q

systole

A

contraction

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9
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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10
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

max aortic pressure
caused by L. ventricle contracting and pushing blood into aorta

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11
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

no blood being pushed into aorta and causing pressure change
diastolic blood pressure as best indicator
ventricle relaxes

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12
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic P - diastolic P
larger difference means more contraction

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13
Q

diastolic pressure

A

baseline
best indicator of heart contractility or inotropy
minimum pressure in aorta
ventricle relaxes, spend more time here

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14
Q

arterial circulation

A

highest BP

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15
Q

vena cavae

A

pulsations decrease after aorta
pressure is almost 0
resistant to flow

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16
Q

raise low BP in vena cava

A
  1. vasoconstriction (sympathetic NS)
    —-helps with venous return
  2. continuous blood flow by capillaries
  3. respiratory pump and skeletal pump
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17
Q

venous valves

A

valves in the veins that prevent backflow of blood
skeletal muscle pump there as well to compress veins and force blood to go to heart

18
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

described the average arterial blood pressure during one cardiac cycle, in the aorta
pulsatile/oscillations of pressure from contraction then relaxation

diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P - diastolic P)
or = 2/3(diastolic P) + 1/3(systolic P)

MAP = CO x TPR

19
Q

high MAP

A

hypertension
can cause rupture/bleeding
worse than low
start to damage walls of blood vessels
can cause stroke

20
Q

low MAP

A

not enough force to cause blood flow
hypotension
cant overcome gravity
cant take blood to tissues
decrease BV, decreased stretch

21
Q

cardiac output

A

CO = SV x HR
CO = Q or flow rate

22
Q

change in pressure

A

= Pressure in aorta - pressure in vena cavae
BP in vena cavae is 0

= MAP - 0 mmHg —-> MAP

23
Q

higher CO but same VPR

A

increase in MAP
increase in BV

24
Q

same CO but increase in VPR

A

increase in MAP
increase in BV
less being let out so BP increases

25
Q

factors that affect BP

A

distribution of blood in systemic circulation
total blood volume

26
Q

arteriolar resistance

A

influenced by both local and systemic control mechanisms

27
Q

local control

A

affects arteriolar resistance
matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue
change in blood vessels to allow for change in contraction and relaxation
change in resistance

28
Q

systemic control

A

affects arteriolar resistance
sympathetic reflexes and hormones

29
Q

sympathetic reflexes

A

part of systemic control
autonomic nervous system
mediated by CNS (alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors) to maintain MAP and affect blood distribution for homeostatic needs
ex: temperature regulation
innervates blood vessels
ex: vasoconstriction —> increases BP, contraction, venous return

30
Q

hormones

A

part of systemic control
act directly on arterioles and alter autonomic reflex control
ex: angiotensin II (vasoconstriction)
ex: atrial natriuretic peptide (vasodilation)

31
Q

control of vascular smooth muscle

A

GO OVER DIAGRAM IN NOTES

32
Q

baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors
nerve endings in outer layer of the blood vessel
stimuli as stretch of blood vessels
blood pressure regulation
constant monitoring —> tonic receptors
ex: increase CO = expand aortic walls, baroreceptors pick up on this

33
Q

location of baroreceptors

A

carry sensory/afferent information about stretch
aortic arch
carotid sinus

34
Q

aortic arch

A

soon as it comes out of L. ventricle
innervated by a branch of the Vagus nerve
aortic depressor nerve

35
Q

carotid sinus

A

bifurcation
external and internal
going into brain, bringing oxygenated blood to head
innervated by a branch of the Glossopharyngeal nerve
carotid sinus nerve

36
Q

example of baroreceptor action

A
  1. increase in BV and BP
  2. elevates vascular wall tension
  3. PIEZO channels activated
    —-allow Na and Ca to go in, depolarizes the cell
    —-generates AP, gets carried through nerves to medulla
    —-information is integrated
37
Q

low BP

A

baroreceptors fire less
less frequent AP
efferent signal needs to be produced

38
Q

high BP

A

baroreceptors increase firing of AP
activated by stretch
send information of stretch to medulla
send efferent signal to ANS

39
Q

parasympathetic innervation

A

SA node and AV node

40
Q

sympathetic innervation

A

SA node and AV node
contractile cells
blood vessels

41
Q

baroreceptor reflex to low BP

A

increase sympathetic output
1. increase HR (SA node), + chronotropic effect
2. increase conduction velocity (decrease delay in AV node), + dromotropic effect
3. increase If and LTCC activation
—–increase Ca from ECF
4. increase Ca concentration, + inotropic effect, increase force of contraction
5. increase SV, decrease flow rate
6. increase CO
—-vasoconstriction of blood vessels, decrease radius, increase resistance
7. decrease Ohm’s law
decrease parasympathetic output

42
Q

baroreceptor reflex to high BP

A

increase parasympathetic output
decrease sympathetic output
1. decrease HR, - chronotropic effect
2. decrease conduction velocity, - dromotropic effect
3. SV stays the same but CO decreases
—-less blood going into aorta
—-decrease amt of signals getting to blood vessels
4. vasodilation —-> increase radius, decrease resistance, increase blood flow
—–lots leaving aorta but not much coming in
5. decrease BV and BP
6. decrease MAP

BIPN 100 (8 decks)

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