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Bio94 > Lecture 18 Deutorostomes > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Deutorostomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Phyla of Deutorostomes, what do they include

A
  1. Echinodermata- sea stars and sea urchins
  2. Hemichordata- Acorn worms, pterobranchs (more worms) (burrow, deposit feed, suspension feed)
  3. Chordata- lancelets, tunicates, vertebraes
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2
Q
  1. What do deuterostomes have diversity in
  2. What are invertebraes
  3. What are pharyngeal gill slits
A
  1. High diversity in adult plans, feeding methods, modes of locomotion, reproductive strategies
  2. Animals that are not vertebraes (95%), but vertebraes still dominate
  3. A common feature of chordates, also in hemichodates, NOT in echindodermatas
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3
Q
  1. Echinoderms
  2. Are they marine/terrestrial/both
  3. How many species
  4. What are the three main traits
A
  1. Spiny skins named for spines or spikes observed in many species
  2. ALL are marine animals
  3. 7000 species
  4. All are synapomorphies so they are a monophyletic group: radial symmetry (biraidial in larvae), endoskeleton of calcium carbonate, water vascular system and tube feet
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4
Q
  1. What are echinoderms defined by
  2. What are tube feet
A
  1. Definted by their water vascular system which are a series of branching fuluid filled tubes and chambers (sea water flows in and out)
  2. Tube feet- important part of water vascular system which are elongated, fluid filled appendages
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5
Q

Endoskeleton in echinoderms

A

Hard protective and supportuve structure located inside thin layers of epidermal tissue. Forms during development through secretion of calcium carbonate plantes. Plates can fuse and form rigid case.

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6
Q

Echniderm symmetry

  1. Radial symmetry
  2. What are other types of radial symmetry
A
  1. Radial symmetry in ADULTS and larvae are billaterly symmetric as are all deuerostomes. Radially symmetry animals do not have heads
  2. Pentaradial symmetry (5 sided) originated in echniderm evolution
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7
Q

What are the 3 major lineages of Chordata

A
  1. Cephalocordates
  2. Urochordates
  3. Vertebraes (biggest group)
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8
Q

Cephalochordates
(definition, how do they feed, where do they live, movement)

A

Lancelets
- small, torpedo shapes animals with fish like appearance
- Mobile suspension feeders
- Live ocean fllor, burron on sand
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord runs parallel to a notochord which stiffens body and result in fishlike movement

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9
Q

Urochordates

Also what are the 3 major sublineages

A

Tunicates
- have external coat of polysaccharide (covers and supports body)
- 3 major sublineages- sea squirts, salps, larvaceans
- Closeslt living relatives of vertebraes (sister group) not cephalocordates

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10
Q

Vertebraes
Most spechies rich?
| Do not need to remember phylogeny

A

The most species rich and ecologically diverse are the ray finned fish and tetrapods
1. Rayfinned fishes- goldfish, tuna, salmon (bony rods support fins)
2. tetrapods- reptiles, ampbibians, mamals and large herbivores and predators in terrestrial environments

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11
Q

What are the vertebrae synapomorphies

A

Cranium, vertebraes, paired sense organs, gills, 3 part brain
Cartillege- strong but flexibile tissue
Bone- dense tissue with cells and blood vessels (calcium phosphate)

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12
Q
  1. Jawless fish
  2. What are specialized neural crests for

What are some examples

A
  1. Earliest vertebrae - Streamlined, fishlike bodies, gills, post anal tail, paired eyes; cranium made of cartilege
  2. Specialized neural crests cells and other cells responsible for brain, cranium, sensory cell formation (ALL SYNAPORMOPHIES)

Hangifishes, lampreys

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13
Q
  1. Gnathostomes
  2. 4 major lineages
  3. Evolutionary grade

What are the 2 known phyla

A
  1. Jawed fishes (grades)
  2. Cartilaginous fishes, ray finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes
  3. An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by morphological or physiological traits; if we called fishes a clade rather than a grade, we would force to call ourselves fishes

Chondirichthyes- sharks, rays;Actinopterygii- ray finned fishes

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14
Q

Tetrapods
What are they known for, definition
| What are the major lineages

A
  1. Major eevent in evolution of vertebraes was transition to living on land
  2. Vertebrae animal with 4 limbs were capable of moving on land
  3. Water to land transition occured once
  4. 3 Major lineages: Ampibians, mammals, reptiles
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15
Q

Ampibians
Where do adults feed/lay eggs?
How does gas exchange occur?

A
  1. First tetrapods to live on land
  2. Adults feed on land, lay eggs in water
  3. Most undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larva to terrestrial or semiterrestiral adult
  4. Gas exchange occurs across their most mucus covered ksin
  5. Represent a monophyletic group: frogs/toads, salamanders, snake like caecilian
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16
Q

Amniotic eggs
1. Amniota
2. What are the 3 layers
3. Where do reptiles and mammals lay these eggs?

A
  1. Lineage including all tetrapods other than amphibians which is the protectective covering that reduces the rate of drying out
  2. Embryo (aminion), yolk for nutrition (yolk sac), and waste from embryo (allantois) surrounded by shell
  3. Reptiles and few mammals lay amniotic eggs and lay outside of water
17
Q

Amniotes: Repitilia
1. Reptiles
2. 4 Major lineages
3. What is the synapomorophy of reptilia

Are birds reptiles

A
  1. Monophyletic group that represents major living lineage of aminotes besides mammals
  2. Lizards/snakes, turtles, crocodiles/alligators/birds (yes bids are reptiles)
  3. Scales

Birds are reptiles

18
Q

Reptilia: snakes and turtles

What are some of their adaptation for life on land

A
  1. Skin is watertight by a laer of scales made of keratin
  2. Breathe air through well developed lungs
  3. Lay shelled, aminiotic eggs
  4. Ecotherms (do not use internally generated heat to regulate body temp so they bask in sunglight to keep temp at appropiate level)
19
Q

Bird evolution and their reptile grade

  1. Are birds reptiles?
  2. Are they dinosaurs?
  3. Are birds endothermic/ exotermic?
  4. Where did birds descend from
A
  1. phylogenic evidence supports inclsuion of birds within monophyletic group called reptiles
  2. Birds are part of a monophyletic group called dinosaurs
  3. Endothermic
  4. Birds descended from one of several lineages of dinosaurs that had feathers (keratin) that provde insulation and help with flight

Bio94 (24 decks)

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