Lecture 2

Question 1

What determines the identity of the atom?

Answer 1

.

Question 2

What is atomic number?

Answer 2

.

Question 3

What letter represents the atomic number?

Answer 3

Z

Question 4

What is the orbit named after?

Answer 4

.

Question 5

How is the orbit named?

Answer 5

.

Question 6

What is the closest shell to the nucleus?

Answer 6

K shell

Question 7

Tungesten

Answer 7

Atomic # 74
Atomic Mass 184
Letter = W

Question 8

What determines the number of orbits?

Answer 8

The number of electrons

Question 9

The closer you are to the nucleus…

Answer 9

The more the e- are tightly bound

K shell is closest

Question 10

What is binding energy?

Answer 10

Energy required to remove an e-

Related to the Atomic Number

The higher the atomic number, the greater the attraction to the atomic nucleus

Question 11

More energy is required when?

Answer 11

To remove an E- from a K shell than an outer shell

but could be different when comparting two atoms

Question 12

Higher Z number =

Answer 12

More tightly bound the protons are

The more energy needed to remove an e- from an orbit

Question 13

What is ionization?

Answer 13

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

Question 14

How much energy??/

Answer 14

Slide 9

Binding energy or more

Question 15

Go over slide 10

Answer 15

.

Question 16

What is Radiation?

Answer 16

The transmission of energy through space and matter

Question 17

Radiation occurs in:

Answer 17

2 forms
Wave Theory
or
Quantum Theory

Question 18

What is Wave Theory?

Answer 18

Wave theory explains the propagation of radiation and the quantum theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter.

Question 19

What is Electromagnetic Radiation?

Answer 19

Movement of energy through space as a

combination of electric and magnetic fields.

Question 20

Electromagnetic Radiation starts with?

Answer 20

Radio Waves 10^3

Question 21

When does Electromagnetic Radiation start to ionize?

Answer 21

At the Ultraviolet divide

Question 22

We have to be more protected against…

Answer 22

Ionizing Radiation

Question 23

What is Ionizing?

Answer 23

Have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Question 24

What is Non-Ionizing?

Answer 24

Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Question 25

Wavelength and Frequency are?

Answer 25

Inversely Proportional

Question 26

What is Wavelength?

Answer 26

Distance between two successive crests

Question 27

What is Frequency?

Answer 27

Number of wavelength passing a particular point in time

Question 28

Speed of Light Formula (c) =

Answer 28

Frequency (Hz) * Wavelength (m)

Question 29

Quantum Theory of Radiation :

Answer 29

Particles

Question 30

E =

Answer 30

energy, measured in e- volts

Question 31

Quantum Theory of Radiation ...

Answer 31

▪ Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons. ▪ Each photon has energy (eV), mass and travels in straight lines at the speed of light. ▪ Electrically charged (except neutrons)

Question 32

High Frequency =

Answer 32

Short Wavelength = High Energy

Question 33

Alpha

Answer 33

+2

Question 34

Beta +

Answer 34

Positron | +1

Question 35

Beta -

Answer 35

Electron | -1

Question 36

Electron

Answer 36

-1

Question 37

What is Ionizing Rate?

Answer 37

▪ Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

Question 38

What does Ionizing Rate Depend on?

Answer 38

▪ Depends on velocity, charge and size. | – Lower velocity, higher charge and bigger size → Greater LET

Question 39

Ionizing Rate :

Answer 39

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

Question 40

Lower LET =

Answer 40

Further it travels

Question 41

What are X-rays

Answer 41

▪ They are weightless packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light (3x10 8m/sec) and are able to ionize matter.

Question 42

What are the properties of X-rays?

Answer 42

1. Invisible, weightless, no electric charge 2. Travels in straight lines. X-ray beam diverges over distance. 3. Travels at the speed of light 4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths) 0.01 nm to 0.1 nm 1. Invisible, weightless, no electric charge 2. Travels in straight lines. X-ray beam diverges over distance. 3. Travels at the speed of light 4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths) 0.01 nm to 0.1 nm

Question 43

Difference between Ionization and Excitation

Answer 43

Excitation: ▪ When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, e - is NOT ejected ▪ Receiving e is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level Ionization: Energy needed to displace something Excitation: Energy moves something around but does not displace it