Lecture 2

Question 1

Define Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behaviour; and their mental processes of living organisms (w the use of the scientific method)

Question 2

Define hypothesis

Answer 2

tentative explanation of why something happens

Question 3

Define empirical method

Answer 3

based on observation, including experimentation rather than a method based on forms of logical argument

Question 4

Who is considered to have established Psychology as a science?

Answer 4

Wilhelm Wundt - Father of Psychology

Question 5

What is the breakdown of the word Psychology

Answer 5

Psych “breath, spirit, soul” Ology “the study of”

Question 6

Where does psychology have its roots?

Answer 6

Philosophy

Question 7

Who was involved in the nature vs nurture problem? (Philosophers)

Answer 7

Nature (socrates) vs Nurture (Aristotle)

Question 8

What did Rene Descarte study? (Philosophers)

Answer 8

dualism, the mind and the body are separate entities

Question 9

What did thomas hobs study? (Philosopher)

Answer 9

The seed of consciousness is in our mind. The mind controls our body.

Question 10

What did Herman Von Holtz discover?

Answer 10

it takes longer to feel pain from a pinch farther from the brain.

Question 11

What did Wundt study? When?

Answer 11

Scientific study of the conscious experience (1879)

Question 12

What did Wundt create?

Answer 12

Introspection

Question 13

How was introspection measures?

Answer 13

Reaction times measured under different conditions

Question 14

What were the steps to measuring introspection?

Answer 14

-Measure reaction time
-Objectively observe their conscious experience
- Ask people to press button when hear the beep
- then ask people to press the button when they processed the fact that they heard the beep

Question 14

Was question was introspection used to answer?

Answer 14

The structure of the consciousness

Question 15

What did structuralism focus on?

Answer 15

breaking down the parts (structure) of the conscious experience. Breaking down the Parts of a feeling (what does it feel like? Where/ what does it come from?)

Question 16

What are the problems with structuralism?

Answer 16

WUNDT tried to make something subject scientific which is very hard to do. Needed very educated people to be trained to introspect, feelings are subjective experiences. Not generalizable.

Question 17

Who created functionalism?

Answer 17

William james

Question 18

What was william james influenced by?

Answer 18

Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 19

What is functionalism interested in?

Answer 19

The mind as a whole. The function of the cognitive experience. How conscious experience helps us survive

Question 20

What kind of questions would a functionalist ask?

Answer 20

Why do we love? What function does it have in our lives?

Question 21

What kind of questions would a structuralist ask?

Answer 21

What is the structure of happiness? Anger?

Question 22

What are the differences and similarities between Wundt and James?

Answer 22

-whole brain vs part of brain
-Function vs Experience
- Common: Introspection

Question 23

What is the structuralism question?

Answer 23

What parts make up the conscious experience?

Question 24

What is the functionalism question?

Answer 24

What are the different components of the conscious experience AND what functions do they serve?

Question 25

How is introspection like a tool?

Answer 25

It was like a microscope... forced people to turn inward and try to observe the conscious experience

Question 26

Who came up with the gestalt principles?

Answer 26

Wertheimer Koffka Kohler

Question 27

What does gestalt mean?

Answer 27

German word for whole

Question 28

What is a gestalt principle?

Answer 28

-The whole is different from the sum of its parts - The sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts. But the whole is what the individual experiences as perception.

Question 29

What did gestalt principles give way to?

Answer 29

Behaviourism

Question 30

Words are nothing more than black dots on a page that we make sense of. Our brains take the individual bits but fill in the gaps (that is our expeirence) What branch does this follow?

Answer 30

Gestalt psychology

Question 31

Who is in the experimental branch of psychology?

Answer 31

Von Helmotz Wundt James Gestalt

Question 32

Who is in the applied (Clinical) branch of psychology?

Answer 32

Freud

Question 33

What branch of psychology is in between the experimental and clinical branches?

Answer 33

Behaviourism

Question 34

What type of psychology is the clincal branch?

Answer 34

applied

Question 35

What does clincial psychology do?

Answer 35

- Takes what we know about human condition and applies it to the real world - helps people heal -develops a theory of where psychological problems come form

Question 36

What practices did Freud and Breuer focus on?

Answer 36

hypnosis and free association (talk therapy)

Question 37

What was freuds theory about consciousness?

Answer 37

Iceberg theory

Question 38

What os the iceberg theory

Answer 38

What is happening consciously is above water - unconsicous mind is below water these are wants desires behavioural (sexual) nature

Question 39

What did freud say about keeping things in the unconsicous?

Answer 39

If we keep things in the unconscious it can cause termoil

Question 40

What did freud think about dreams?

Answer 40

They were the window to the soul

Question 41

What did freud do well?

Answer 41

- highlight the importance of early childhood experiences - Identified unconscious vs conscious - Identified that motivations can cause psychological conflict - identified that competing motivations can exist within an individual

Question 42

What was wrong with frueds theory?

Answer 42

- couldnt be proven false - he placed too much emphasis on sex

Question 43

What are behaviourists interests in? What do they think we are?

Answer 43

behaviour. Think we are just complex computers

Question 44

What is a primary mechanism?

Answer 44

learning

Question 45

What do behavioursists think about consciousness?

Answer 45

it is flawed because it is subjective

Question 46

What are the different types of Learning?

Answer 46

-Cclassical conditioning (Pavlov) -Operant conditioning (B.F Skinner)

Question 47

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 47

what pavlov did with the dog and drooling at the sound of a bell.

Question 48

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 48

behaviours that result in pleasant consequence will be repeated and vice versa - all of our behaviour can be reduced to learning

Question 49

Who were the behaviourists?

Answer 49

Pavlov and Skinner

Question 50

What did maslow say?

Answer 50

We live through our needs in a sequential and predictable way

Question 51

what was the difference between humanistic and previous branches of psych?

Answer 51

before humanism psych focused on what was wrong with people, detemrinstic and reductionist

Question 52

What is humanism?

Answer 52

the good and growth potnetial is part of the human condition. We are inherintley good

Question 53

Who was one of the Fathers of Humanism?

Answer 53

Carl rogers

Question 54

Who are the humanists?

Answer 54

Maslow and carl rogers

Question 55

What did Carl Rogers do?

Answer 55

Client centred therapy - acted as a mirror for clients, helped them find solutions to who they want to be

Question 56

What do humanists emphasize?

Answer 56

unconditional positive regard?

Question 57

When was the cognitive revolution?

Answer 57

1980-1990s

Question 58

What was the cognitive revolution?

Answer 58

placed emphasis on cognitive processes - linguistics (how language shapes thought) - Neuroscience (how the brain works) -More collaboration across disciplines.

Question 59

What was the dominant perspective before the cognitive revolution?

Answer 59

behaviourism

Question 60

Who was involved in feminist psychology?

Answer 60

Karen horney

Question 61

What does the feminist approach seek to do?

Answer 61

Free psych of all gender biases study biases between gender Study gender differences Re-evaluate contribution of women in psych (Anna freud)

Question 62

What did multicultural psych do?

Answer 62

explanations for different events depend on cultural upbringing - focused on situational influence vs personal influence - culture influences type of hallucinations - precedents of eating disorders different in different cultures

Question 63

Who was the first black person to get a PH.D in America?

Answer 63

Cecil summer

Question 64

What type of psych did summer impact?

Answer 64

social psych. Work on intelligence.