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ANAT 101 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells with a common origin. Can be liquid, solid, etc - blood, fat.

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2
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue - (skin) body surfaces, body cavities, etc
  2. Connective Tissue - closely related, bone, blood vessels found within connective tissues
  3. Muscular Tissue - makes up muscle cells
  4. Nervous Tissue - sends nerve impulses
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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue
1. Cell arrangement

A

With many cells tightly packed together and little to no extracellular matrix (fewer cells/volume)
Cells have a free surface lateral, basal surface

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4
Q

Connective Tissue
1. Cell arrangement

A

With a few scattered cells surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue Organization (Look at diagram)

A

The epithelium is the outermost level with apical surface, with lateral surfaces in between.
The next level is the basement membrane, which includes the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
Lastly the bottom layer contains the connective tissue which includes the nerves and blood vessels within.

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6
Q

What are the 5 Cell Junctions?

A
  1. Gap Junction
  2. Tight Junction
  3. Hemidesmosome
  4. Desmosome
  5. Adhering Junction
    (Not unique to epithelial tissue; some muscle and nerve cells also have junctions)
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7
Q

What is a Gap Junction?

A

Forms pores, allow small molecules thru to communicate. (Look at diagram in presentation)

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8
Q

What is a Tight Junction?

A

Network of proteins that fuse together. Creates a permeability barrier that doesn’t let much through.

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9
Q

What is a Hemidesmosome?

A

Cell attaches to basement membrane called interproteins. Very small stud-like structures found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matrix.

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10
Q

What is a Desmosome?

A

Intermediate filaments (thicker). Have plaque but spots, not like adhering junctions. Adhesive intercellular junctions that mechanically integrate adjacent cells by coupling adhesive interactions mediated by desmosomal cadherins to the intermediate filament cytoskeletal network.

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11
Q

What is Adhering Junction?

A

Forma bonds with other membranes. The microfilaments provide structural integrity. The adhesion belt (plaque dense layer of proteins). Which if someone had cancer they’d lose this. Connect bundles of actin filaments from cell to cell.

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12
Q

What are two types of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  1. Surface (major tissue in glands, and covers all internal and external surfaces of your body)
  2. Glandular (lines certain internal organs)
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13
Q

3 Cell Shapes (Arrangement of layers)

A
  1. Simple (Cover lungs)
  2. Pseudostratified (1 layer, nuclei can be arranged in different levels but is an illusion)
  3. Stratified (2 or more layers)
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14
Q

3 Cell Shapes

A
  1. Squamous (flat cells on surface)
  2. Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
  3. Columnar (tall and skinny)
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15
Q

You have a lining of peritoneum that has one layer, and flat cells. This would be a?

A

This would be a Simple Squamous Epithelium.

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16
Q

You have a view of the kidney tubules, the tubules have 1 layer with cube-like shape. This would be a?

A

This would be a Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.

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17
Q

You have a view of the lining of jejunum of small intestine, the tubules have 1 layer with tall and skinny shape. This would be a?

A

This would be a Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium.

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18
Q

What do Microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area and exchange cells.

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19
Q

You have a view of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tube. They have one layer, and a skinny tall shape. What is this?

A

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium.

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20
Q

You have a view of nonciliated 1 layer arrangement, skinny and tall. The nuclei can be arranged in different levels but it’s an illusion.

A

Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium.

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21
Q

You have a view of ciliated 1 layer arrangement, skinny and tall. The nuclei can be arranged in different levels but it’s an illusion.

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium.

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22
Q

You have a view of the epithelium of epidermis. This have 2 or more layers, and has flat cells on the surface.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium.

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23
Q

You are looking at a duct of the esophageal gland. This has 2+ layers, and a cube-shape.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium.

24
Q

You have a view of the lining of the pharynx. This has 2+ layers and is tall and skinny shaped.

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium.

25
Q

You have a view of the urinary bladder in partially relaxed state. This has elasticity. They are stacked and cube-shaped when not stretch. It has shape-altering ability so can sometimes be called the:

A

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)

26
Q

What is the Glandular Epithelium?

A

Specialized epithelial cells organized to form glands that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
- Endocrine Glands (Secretion of blood)
- Exocrine Glands (Sweat glands, salivary glands)

27
Q

What tissue are blood vessels found in?

A

Blood vessel

28
Q

What is Merocrine Secretion?

A

Exit the cell via exocytosis. Method of secretion where there is no cell damage. Example: Eccrine sweat gland.

29
Q

What is Apocrine Secretion?

A

Gland found in skin, breast, eyelid, and ear. Glands in the breast secrete fat droplets into breast milk, and those in the skin and eyelid are sweat glands. Pinched-off portion of cell is secretion.

30
Q

What is Holocrine Secretion

A

Specific mode of secretion involving secretion of entire cytoplasmic materials with remnants of dead cells. Cell division replaces lost cell. Mature cell dies and becomes secretory product.

31
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  • Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues (ex. bone)
  • Protects and insulates internal organs (ex. fat tissues)
  • Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles (ex. kidneys)
  • Energy reserves (ex. fat in tissue)
  • Immune responses: white blood cells
32
Q

What is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body?

A

Connective Tissues including cells, fibres, and ground substance.

33
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.

34
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Elastic Fibres

A

Stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.

35
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Adipocytes

A

Fat cells that store fats. Found below organs. (Heart, kidneys)

36
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Eosinophils

A

White blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses.

37
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Neutrophils

A

White blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis.

38
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Ground Substance

A

Material between cells and fibres. Made of water and organic molecules. Supports cells and fibers, binds them together, and provides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells.

39
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Plasmocytes

A

Develop from B lymphocytes. Secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances.

40
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Mast Cells

A

Abundant along blood vessels. Produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.

41
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Collagen Fibres

A

Strong, flexible bundles of protein collagen, most abundant protein in your body.

42
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Fibroblasts

A

Large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibres and ground substance.

43
Q

Within the Connective Tissue what is: Reticular Fibers

A

Made of collagen and glycoproteins. Provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve)

44
Q

2 Classifications of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Embryonic Connective Tissue
  2. Mature
45
Q

2 Types of Embryonic Connective Tissue

A
  1. Mesenchyme
  2. Mucoid Connective Tissue
46
Q

3 Types of Mature Connective Tissue

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
    - Loose
    - Dense
  2. Supporting Connective Tissue
    - Cartilage
    - Bone
  3. Liquid
    - Blood
    - Lymph Plasma
47
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
    - Areolar
    - Adipose
    - Reticular
  2. Dense Connective Tissue
    - Dense Regular
    - Dense Irregular
    - Elastic
48
Q

What is Areolar Connective Tissue?

A

Loose type of connective tissue, skin, so you can move. Connects and surrounds different organs in the human body.

49
Q

What is Adipose Tissue?

A

Connective tissue that extends throughout your body. Found under your skin between your internal organs. (Fat tissue). Insulates, energy storage, and provides padding for organs.

50
Q

What is Reticular Connective Tissue?

A

Type of loose connective tissue in which reticular fibres are the most prominent fibrous component forms supporting framework of lymphoid organs, bone marrow and liver.

51
Q

What is Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A

Mostly made up of tough protein fibres called collagen and cells called fibroblasts. Supports, protects, and holds bone.

52
Q

What Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

Extracellular fibers are not arranged in parallel bundles. Not in a pattern really.

53
Q

What is Elastic Connective Tissue?

A

Consists of fibroblasts and densely compacted parallel bundles of fibers - mainly elastic fibers with a minor component of collagen fibers.

54
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Most common type of cartilage in your body. Lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones. Growth plates are with cartilage, hyaline is flexible and most abundant.

55
Q

What are two other types of cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage

56
Q

What is Blood?

A

Liquid Connective Tissue, consists of cells and cell fragments (formed elements) suspended in an intercellular matrix. (Example: macrophages, RBC, WBC, and platelets)

ANAT 101 (4 decks)

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