Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the 3 phases in fetal development?

Answer 1

Zygote, Morula, Blastocyst

Question 2

The … turns into these 3 layers:

Answer 2

The blasocyst turns into the ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 3

Ectoderm

Answer 3

Skin + CN

Question 4

Mesoderm

Answer 4

Skeleton

Question 5

Endoderm

Answer 5

Intestines

Question 6

Closure deficits of the neural tube

Answer 6

Anencephaly + Spina bifida

Question 7

Anencephaly

Answer 7

Geen brein

Question 8

Spina bifida

Answer 8

Open ruggetje

Question 9

Nervous System development

Answer 9

1. Spinal chord, brain stem
2. Amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus
3. Thalamus, basal ganglia
4. Cerebral cortex

Question 10

Brain vesicles development

Answer 10

Myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon

Question 11

Cell development

Answer 11

Profileration, migration, differentiation, selective cell death, myelinisation

Question 12

Cell profileration

Answer 12

Making new cells/neurons

Question 13

Cell migration

Answer 13

Moving neurons to correct position

Question 14

Cell differentiation

Answer 14

Growing cell’s characteristics and making synaptic connections

Question 15

Selective cell death

Answer 15

Overproduction and programmed cell death

Question 16

Aptosis

Answer 16

Programmed cell death

Question 17

Myelinisation

Answer 17

Myelin shealth speeds the transmissioning of neurons

Question 18

Disorder in profileration effects

Answer 18

Microcephaly and megacephaly

Question 19

Passive migration

Answer 19

New neurons push old neurons away towards outerlayers

Question 20

Active migration

Answer 20

Supporting cells create route for neurons towards outerlayers

Question 21

Synaptogenesis

Answer 21

Formation of synaptic connections

Question 22

Pruning

Answer 22

Synapse elimination depending on experience, hormones and genes

Question 23

Experience-expected synapse

Answer 23

Use it or lose it

Question 24

Experience-dependent plasticity

Answer 24

Enriched environment

Question 25

2 mechanisms within plasticity

Answer 25

Restitution & substitution

Question 26

Restitution mechanism

Answer 26

When brain is damaged, the same brain area is fixing the damaged function

Question 27

Substituition mechanism

Answer 27

When brain is damaged, other brain areas compensate for the damaged function

Question 28

Anatomical reorganization

Answer 28

Other brain areas take over function

Question 29

Behavioural compensation

Answer 29

Using aids to compensate damage, like an agenda

Question 30

Crowding

Answer 30

Loss of function

Question 31

Child neuropsychology

Answer 31

Study of brain-behaviour relationships in the immature, rapid developing brain

Question 32

Diaschisis

Answer 32

Temporary disruption in development

Question 33

Colleteral sprouting

Answer 33

Nearby functions takes over

Question 34

Denervation supersensitivity

Answer 34

Neurons become more sensitive

Question 35

Regeneration

Answer 35

Regrowth of fibres

Question 36

Kennard Principle

Answer 36

If you're going to have brain damage, have it early

Question 37

Innately specialised

Answer 37

Specific functions belong to specific brain regions

Question 38

Equipotentiality

Answer 38

Functions could belong to multiple brain areas

Question 39

Three growth spurts

Answer 39

Early infancy, 7-10 years, early adolescence