Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
most dental radiograph equipment has set mA and kVp, only what is adjusted
A
time
2
Q
describes quantity of positive-charged electrons produced by cathode.
A
mA
3
Q
the measure of force of electrons.
A
kVp
4
Q
increases blackness of an image
A
increased mA
5
Q
increases grayscale contrast, good for periodontal disease monitoring.
A
increased kVp
6
Q
results in high black-and-white contrast, which is useful for monitoring caries and tooth root resorption.
A
decreased kVp
7
Q
Keeps tube appropriate distance from tooth
Decreases scatter radiation
A
Position Imaging Device (PID)
8
Q
Starts production of x-rays
Technique charts for each view
A
Timer
9
Q
Four steps for radiation safety guidelines
A
Timer switch away from tube head
Stand 90 degrees to the beam
Animal under anesthesia (sedated?)
Timer Machine inspection
10
Q
three pieces of equipment for digital radiography
A
sensor
remote module
computer
11
Q
what is the sensor for digital radiography called
A
charge coupled device (CCD)
12
Q
how much does digital radiography reduce radiation exposure
A
50-90%
13
Q
what does digital radiography do to exposure time
A
shortens it
14
Q
intraoral sensor with cord to attach to computer.
A
charge coupled device (CCD)
15
Q
converts image to pixels to be read by computer.
A
remote module
16
Q
converts digital information to image to be immediately viewed, manipulated, and stored.
A
computer
17
Q
limitations of digital radiography
A
high initial cost
lack of large plate sizes
18
Q
A
digital dental sensors
19
Q
three techniques for dental radiographs
A
paralleling
bisecting angle
occlusal
20
Q
Xray technique used for caudal premolars and molars of mandibular arcade.
A
paralleling technique
21
Q
Film is placed parallel to the teeth, and x-ray beam is directed at a 90-degree angle to the film and teeth.
A
paralleling technique
22
Q
A
paralleling technique
23
Q
technique used for canines, incisors and maxillary premolars-molars
A
bisecting angle technique
24
Q
Xray technique
Film is placed as close to parallel the tooth axis as possible.
A
bisecting angle technique
25
for the bisecting angle technique, the beam bisects the angle formed between what
the film and the tooth
26
Problems associated with this xray technique are foreshortening and elongation of tooth images.
bisecting angle technique
27
bisecting angle technique
28
This technique provides poorest views of tooth anatomy.
occlusal technique
29
what else is the occlusal technique good for assessing (two things)
nasal involvement
tooth root remnants
30
where is the film placed for the occlusal technique
between the teeth on the occlusal surfaces
31
where is the beam directed with the occlusal technique
perpendicular to the film
32
occlusal technique
33
brachydont teeth have ______ crowns and _______ roots
small
elongated
34
four things that make up the periodontium
gingiva
periodontal ligament
cementum
alveolar bone
35
connective tissue that makes up the peridontium
gingival
36
part of the periodontium that forms the tooth socket
alveolar bone
37
part of the periodontium that covers the root surface
cementum
38
part of the periodontium that attaches to cementum and alveolar bone.
periodontal ligament
39
the supporting structure for the teeth
periodontium
40
three clinical signs of periodontitis
Calculus and plaque
Periodontal pocket
Loss of alveolar bone attachment
41
represents earliest stages of periodontitis and is easily reversible with proper treatment and home care.
gingivitis
42
describes inflammation of not only gingiva, but also other structures of the periodontium.
periodontitis
43
whole mucosal surface is affected, not just the periodontium.
stomatitis
44
the relative space between each tooth and the gum tissue that surrounds it
gingival sulcus
45
forms a moat around tooth called the _________ sulcus.
gingiva
46
Epithelial attachment to the tooth crown forms what
bottom of gingival sulcus
47
glycoproteins, gram-positive bacteria, and food that form initially on teeth after brushing.
biofilm
48
bacteria, exfoliated cells, food, saliva proteins
plaque
49
plaque that has had 24 hours to mineralize
tarter (also called calculus)
50
how is tarter mineralized
calcium salts from saliva
51
periodontal disease class: PD 0
clinically normal
52
periodontal disease class: PD 1
Gingivitis with no attachment loss
53
periodontal disease class: PD 2
25% attachment loss, mild periodontitis
54
periodontal disease class: PD 3
25% - 50% attachment loss, moderate periodontitis
55
periodontal disease class: PD 4
>50% attachment loss, advanced periodontitis
56
Four goals of periodontal debridement
Remove bacterial plaque
Remove endotoxins
Remove hard calculus deposits
Halt disease process
57
two forms of power scaling
sonic
ultrasonic
58
Sonic scaler is less able to remove more tenacious calculus because of
low frequency
59
ultra sonic scaling devices have a frequency of
18,000-50,000 cps
60
ultrasonic devices are attached to water delivery system, which allows what
cooling of the tip
61
Five benefits of power scaling
more ergonomic for vet tech
reduces anesthesia time
causes less tissue swelling
less root surface damage
lavage is destructive to bacteria
62
an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another
transducer
63
two types of ultrasonic scalers
Magnetorestrictive
Piezoelectric
64
what type of ultrasonic scaler has a transducer made of a stack of thin nickel alloy strips
Magnetorestrictive
65
which ultrasonic scaler uses Elliptical pattern movement Vibrations all surfaces (Jack hammer)
Magnetorestrictive
66
which ultrasonic scaler has a solid ferrous rod with a rotational pattern
Magnetorestrictive
67
which ultrasonic scaler has a transducer made of Ceramic Disks or crystals
Piezoelectric
68
which ultrasonic scaler uses straight linear movement
Piezoelectric
69
two adjustments that vet techs will make to the scaler
water
amplitude
70
what does the water adjustment on the scaler do
cools the hand piece, flush debris
71
what does the amplitude adjustment on the scaler do
remove tougher deposits
72
the higher the amplitude (power), the higher the what
lateral movements
73
what is the rule for adjustments to the scaler
Always use the lowest power to accomplish the task
74
for the ultrasonic scaler, check manufacturer's recommendation for
appropriate use of ultrasonic scaler tip.
75
Never point tip at a 90-degree angle to the tooth because it may cause
damage
76
Always keep tip moving to prevent what two things
overheating the tooth and pulp necrosis.
77
higher power setting may be required on the ultra sonic scaler to remove what
calculus
78
Water pressure on the ultra sonic scaler should be maintained at what psi, in order to disperse heat generated by the tip.
>25 psi
79
All hand instruments have three parts:
shank, handle, and blade
80
what is another name for the blade on a hand instrument
working end
81
how are hand instruments differentiated
by shape and type of working end
82
Curvature of shank on hand instrument tells the operator what
where instrument should be used in the mouth.
83
have pointy tips and a blade and are used for supragingival scaling only.
scalers
84
is best used for scaling teeth in the rostral portion of the mouth
straight shank
85
is designed for working on premolars and molars.
bent shank
86
what does supragingival mean
above the gum line
87
what does subgingival mean
below the gum line
88
two kinds of hand scalers
sickle
curette
89
have rounded tip and blade, and are used for subgingival scaling
curette
90
what does the rounded tip help avoid with on a curette
trauma to gingiva and periodontal ligament
91
curette scaler
92
sickle scaler
93
tool is used for supragingival scaling
sickle scaler
94
instrument that may be used on any tooth
universal instrument
95
The terminal end of instrument should NOT leave contact with what, to avoid damaging the gingival sulcus
the tooth
96
what part of the working end of the instrument must remain in contact with the tooth surface, to prevent trauma of soft tissues
lower one third
97
Instruments should be oriented so that blade face is parallel to what and curve which direction
parallel to the root surface
curve is toward gingival
98
the angle of the instrument should be between what degrees and should be pulled coronally to dislodge tartar and remove cementum.
60-80 degrees
99
An instrument angle greater than what degree will cause damage of adjacent soft tissue
90 degrees
100
what two things should you do after done with using curette to perform subgingival scaling or root planing.
Blow air into gingival sulcus to view results
Use explorer to ‘feel’ surface and verify smoothness
101
Sharpening dental instruments is necessary for what
thorough debridement
102
three things that can happen when instruments lose their edge
Operator fatigue
Less effective removal of calculus
Less effective removal of infected cementum (deep cleans)
103
three types of sharpening stones
Arkansas and India
Ceremic
Composition
104
lubricant used for Arkansas and India sharpening stones
oil
105
lubricant used for ceramic sharpening stones
water or dry
106
lubricant used for composition sharpening stones
water
107
two things that lubricants do for sharpening stones
Keep “fines” away from edge
Prevent heat buildup from friction
108
for sharpening instruments, start at a _____ degree angle and then tilt the instrument to _____ degrees
90 >>> 110
109
when sharpening an instrument, the _____ should be held stationary and the _____ is moved along the blade edge
instrument
stone
110
what is the sludge that forms when sharpening instruments
"fines"
111
Smoothing the surface of teeth
polishing
112
what speed on the hand piece is polishing done at
low speed
113
what is used as the "polish" for teeth
Prophy paste
114
how often should you refresh prophy paste
after 1-2 teeth
115
how long should you polish each tooth
1-3 seconds
116
after polishing, you should rinse the mouth and reasses for what
tooth smoothness
117
why are air polishers not often used
messy
118
what decreases by smoothing (polishing) the surface of the teeth
staining and biofilm adherence
119
three methods for regional nerve blocks
Splash
Local
Regional
120
lidocaine is a fast or long nerve block
fast
121
Bupivacaine is a fast or long nerve block
long
122
Extraction process always begins with placement of a regional or local nerve block using
0.5% Bupivacaine
123
four main nerve blocks
infraorbital
mental
inferior alveolar
maxillary
124
block for upper (first three) premolars and canine to incisors
infraorbital block
125
block for lower canines to incisors
mental block
126
block for entire lower jaw
inferior alveolar block
127
block for entire maxilla
maxillary
128
what do you have to be careful of with the inferior alveolar block
tongue biting
129
what do you have to do with the needle to give a maxillary nerve block
bend needle 1 cm
130
Three reasons why radiographs should be taken prior to extraction
assess tooth root structure
alveolar bone density
periodontal ligament attachment
131
max dose of bupivacaine for a cat and dog
1.5 mg/kg cat
2 mg/kg dog
132
max dose of bupivacaine per site for a cat
0.1 to 0.2 ml/site
133
max dose of bupivacaine per site for a dog
0.2 to 0.8 ml/site
134
infraorbital nerve block
135
mental nerve block
136
inferior alveolar nerve block
137
maxillary nerve block
138
Four ancillary (support) products for periodontal disease
Doxycycline gel (Doxirobe)
Osteoconductive material (Consil)
Chlorhexidine
Oravet (Wax coating)
139
polymer slowly absorbed over time; may be used in deep pockets to treat periodontal infections.
Doxycycline gel (doxirobe)
140
may be used if extractions are necessary, as in bridge material (scaffold) for new bone growth in alveolar socket.
Osteoconductive material (Consil)
141
may be used as rinse to decrease oral bacteria.
chlorhexidine
142
has been shown to be preventive for anaerobic infections in mouth.
Porphyromonas vaccine
143
gold standard of mechanical cleansing at home
toothbrushing
144
how often should teeth be brushed
daily
145
what kind of toothbrush should be used
soft bristled
146
angle toothbrush to _____ degrees to gingival margin
45 degrees
147
how long should you brush each tooth group
5 to 10 seconds
148
what brushing technique should be used for healing pockets
Modified Stillman
149
what brushing technique should be used for healthy gums
Bass technique
150
Bass brushing technique
151
Modified Stillman technique
152
three types of cleaning dental diets
mechanical action
chemical action
treats
153
Best kind of mechanical action diet
Hills T/D
154
what ingredient sequesters calcium and prohibits mineralization of plaque as a dental chemical action diet
Hexametaphosphate
155
three kinds of dental rinses for at home care
Chlorhexidine rinses
Zinc ascorbate solutions
Xylitol water additive- AquaDent
156
Rinse that Kill anaerobic bacteria in mouth
chlorhexidine rinses
157
Rinse that:
Oxidize bacteria
Stimulate collagen formation
zinc ascorbate solutions
158
Rinse that reduces bacteria
Xylitol water additive- AquaDent
159
what is the concentrate of Xylitol water additive- AquaDent and what is it toxic at
5 mg/ml concentrate
toxic at 100 mg/kg
