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plant biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What affects plant structure?

A
  • Genes and enviroment
  • It reflects on the interactions with the enviroment
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2
Q

Which time-scales affect the plant structure?

A

Long-term = entire plant species have, nu natural selection, morphological adaptions to survive and reproduce

Short-term = Induvidual plants, more individual in animals. Exhibit structural responses to specific enviroments

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3
Q

Plants structural response to enviroment changes are its……

A

Functional adjustments

Plant produces HORMONE that cause the STOMATA to the close

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4
Q

Stomata function

A

Pores in the leaves thru which most of the water is lost, to close

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5
Q

Anatomy of plants; 3 Basic organs….

A

Roots, stems and leaves

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6
Q

Plant body consisting of…..

A

ORGANS that are composed in different TISSUES and these Tissues are teams of different CELL types

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7
Q

What is Angiosperms? And what are the two different plant groupes?

A

Angiosperm = flowering plants

Monocoats & Dicots

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8
Q

Monocots & Dicots differ in….

A
  • Nr of embryos
  • leaf venation
  • Stems
  • Roots
  • Flowers
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9
Q

What is the basic morphology in plants?

A

It reflects on thier evolutionary history as terrestrial organisms that must simultanioesly inhabit and take resourses from two enviroments;

Soil (water, minerals) & Air (main sourse of CO2)

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10
Q

Plants have two systems…..

A

Root system & Shoot system

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11
Q

What is the Root function

A

Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb minerals and water
Store food

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12
Q

What type of roots do Monocots have?

A
  • Fibrous roots
  • consisting a mat of thin roots spread out below the soil surface
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13
Q

What kind of roots do Dicots have?

A

Taproot system
Consisting of a large vertical root, produces many small branch roots

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14
Q

What is the root hairs function?

A

Absorbe water and minerals
Increases the surface area
(Both systems)

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15
Q

What is Adventitous roots?

A

Roots that arising above ground from stems or even from leaves

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16
Q

What is prop roots?

A

Helps with support of the adventitous root.

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17
Q

What does shoot system consist of? What can they be bearing?

A

Stems and leaves

Vegeative = leaf bearing

Reproductive = flower bearing

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18
Q

What system is stem based on?

A

System of nodes, where the leaves attached, and internodes, the stem segments between nodes

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19
Q

Axilliary bud - function

A

Has the potential to form a vegiative branch

(At the angel formed by each leaf and the stem is an axillary bud)

20
Q

Terminal bud - function

A

Developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

21
Q

What do Terminal buds have that is special?

A

Have speciall tissue, apical meristem

22
Q

What is Apical meristem?

A

Produces vegetative & productive organs

Cells that can divide indefinitely and produces all the differentiated tissues. Including vegetative and productive organs.

23
Q

What is Aptical dominance

A

The presence of a terminal bud is partly responsible for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds

24
Q

Modified shoots decription

A

Is shoots with diverse function and have evolved in many plants

25
Q

Modified shoots has 4 types….

A

Stolons
Rhizomes
Tubers
Bulbs

26
Q

Stolons - structure/function

A

”Runners” of strawberry plants
Grow on surface
Asexually reproduction
Plant fragments -> offsprings

27
Q

Rhizomes - structure

A

Like ginger
Horisontal stems
Grow underground

28
Q

Tubers - structure

A

Potato
Swollen ends of Rhizosomes specialized for food storage

29
Q

Bulbs - structure

A

Onions
Vertical
Underground shoots
Swollen bases of leaves that store food

30
Q

Leaves - function

A

Mainly photosynthetic organs of most plants (Green stems)

Consist of a flattend blade and stalk, petriole = joins the leaf to a stem node

If no petrioles = base of the leaf forma a sheath that envelps the stem

31
Q

How do you identify and classify plants? (Taxonomist)

A

Leaf shape
Spatial arrangement
Pattern of Venins

32
Q

Different kinds of leaf, structure

A

Simple leaf = simple undivided blade

Compound leaf = several leaflets attached to petriole

Doubly compound leaf = see picture

33
Q

Ex on evolution for other functions in plants

A

Tendrils = cling on for support

Cacti = for defence

Leaves with more water storage
Brighter color to attract pollinators

34
Q

Plant histology: 3 tissue systems

A

Dermal, Vascular and ground

35
Q

Primary dermal tissue; EPIDERMIS
Characteristics & function

A

Characteristics
Flat cells, often thick outer walls
Leaves and stems secrete a waxy coating (cuticle, helps to retain water)

Function
Cover and protect young parts of the plant

36
Q

Secondary protective tissue - PERIDERM
Characteristics & Function

A

Replaces the epidermis during growth in thickness of stems and roots

Characteristics
Waterprof cells, thick cell walls
Dead at maturnity

Function
Forms outer bark

37
Q

Vascular tissue - function

A

Continously thru the plant is involved in the transport of materials between root and shoots

38
Q

Vascular tissue, 2 types;

A

Xylem = conveys water and upward from the roots to the shoots

Phloem = transport food made in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system

39
Q

Water conducting elements of Xylem;

A

Are the thracheids and vessel elements
(Dead at functional maturnity, when these cells are fullt specialized for thier function)

40
Q

Ground tissue - function

A
  • Neither dermal or vascular tissue
  • Dicot stems = ground tissue is dividend into pith, internal or vascular tissue or cortex, external to the vascular tissue
41
Q

3 cell types in plants;

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Schlerenchyma

42
Q

Cell types in plants
function/structure/Characteristics

A
  • Each type of plant cell has a structural adaptions that makes special functions
  • Distinglished Characteristics is present in protoplast, the cell contents, exlusive of the cell wall
  • Modifications of cell Wall are also important in how the specialized cells of plants function
43
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • Unspecialised cells with thin primary walls
  • photosynthesis, secretion, storage
44
Q

Collenchyma

A

Elongated cells with uneven primary walls, living at maturnity. Support in leaves and stems

45
Q

Schlerenchyma

A

Elongated with very thick secondary walls
Dead at maternity.
Helps with support

plant biology (4 decks)

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