Lecture 2

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Change over time in the proportion of individual organisms that differ genetically

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

Change over time in gene frequency within a population (within a specie, small scale). Change of certain proportion of traits that change a specie

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Change over time in the proportion of species that determines the diversity of a taxonomic group (new or different species)

Question 4

The processes that create new types of organisms in microevolution and macroevolution are:

Answer 4

Microevolution: mutation

Macroevolution: speciation (microevolution pushed so far that we create a new specie)

Question 5

The process that alter the proportions of different types of organisms in microevolution and macroevolution are:

Answer 5

Microevolution: genetic drift (random changes) and natural selection (not random)

Macroevolution: adaptive radiation (creation of a new bunch of species)

Question 6

Genetic drift

Answer 6

Random changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance alone and lead to changes in allelic ratio (microevolution), it is particularly impactful in small populations

Question 7

Adaptive radiation

Answer 7

The process by which one speecie (common ancestor) gives rise to great diversity (multiple species). Example: Galapagos finches

Question 8

Several processes involve… between organisms and their environment

Answer 8

Ecological interactions

Question 9

Which evolutionary processes involve ecological interactions between organisms and their environments?

Answer 9

• Natural selection
• Adaptive radiation

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

Differential genetic contributions by particular phenotypes to the next generation

Question 11

Natural selection causes

Answer 11

Non-random changes

Question 12

Natural selection depends on

Answer 12

Both genotype and phenotype

Question 13

Natural selection involves

Answer 13

Ecological interactions

Question 14

Natural selection involves

Answer 14

Ecological interactions

Question 15

Natural selection results in

Answer 15

Adaptation

Question 16

How many key points of natural selection are described by Sher and Molles?

Answer 16

4 key points

Question 17

1º Key point

Answer 17

More offspring are produced each generation that can be supported by the environment

Question 18

2º Key point

Answer 18

There is a variation in physical, physiological, and behavioural traits among individuals in a population. Some of this variation is heritable

Question 19

3º Key point

Answer 19

Some traits will give some individuals an advantage over the other members of the population. Individuals who possess those traits will have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than the other members of the population, increasing their fitness Non-random differences in survival and reproduction

Question 20

4º Key Point

Answer 20

Traits that result in increased fitness will become more common within a population over subsequent generations

Question 21

Fitness

Answer 21

The average contribution of genes to the next generation by a particular phenotype in a particular environment

Question 22

How would you describe the fitness of:
- Bacteria
- Plants
- Insects
- Other animals

Answer 22

• Bacteria: number of buds
• Plants: number of seeds
• Insects: number of eggs
• Other animals:: number of babies

Question 23

Which ones are the processes and evets that characterize an individual’s life history

Answer 23

• Survival to reproduce
• Number and timing of reproductive events
• Number of offspring per reproductive event

Question 24

Which are the 3 conditions for natural selection in phenotypic selection and genetic response?

Answer 24

Phenotypic selection: phenotypic variation, fitness differences associated with different phenotypes.

Genetic response: inheritance

Question 25

Is natural selection directed to a specific goal?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Adaptation

Answer 26

The process by which populations of organisms evolve in such a way as to become better suited to their environment as advantageous traits become predominant, result of natural selection

Question 27

Important characteristics of a specie 1. ... - group of individuals 2. ... - shared genealogy 3. ... - common gene pool 4. ... - gene pool does not regularly mix with gene pools of other species

Answer 27

1. A collective 2. Common ancestry 3. Interbreeding 4. Genetic integrity

Question 28

Species are products of...

Answer 28

Continuous, dynamic processes

Question 29

Individuals in same linage, but separated by many generations, ... (do/ do not) interbreed

Answer 29

Do not

Question 30

Are asexual have fundamentally different genealogies

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Clones of asexual organisms ...(can/cannot) interbreed

Answer 31

Cannot

Question 32

Is each clone a specie?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Species are groups of ... or ... interbreeding natural populations that are ... from other such groups

Answer 33

Actually or potentially, reproductively isolated

Question 34

Suppose you have a three year research project to study variation among female big horn sheep in the Rocky Mountains. What would be the best way to measure each individual's fitness (in an evolutionary sense)? a) Whether each female survived over the three years b) How often the female reproduced over the three years c) How many babies each female produced over the three years d) How many babies each female produced that survived to independence

Answer 34

d) How many babies each female produced that survived to independence

Question 35

Which of the following statements (A, B, or C) describe an aspect of natural selection? a) Individuals vary in one or more traits b) Individuals with different traits vary in fitness c) Some of the trait variation is genetic d) A and B are correct e) All of the above are involved in natural selection

Answer 35

e) All of the above are involved in natural selection

Question 36

Evolution involves change in: a) the traits of each individual organism b) the proportions of individuals that differ in their traits c) the relative proportions of individuals among species d) B and C e) All of the above are correct

Answer 36

d) B and C

Question 37

Individuals that belong to different species: a) Look different b) Occupy different ecological niches c) Are unable to reproduce with each other because they have non-overlapping home ranges d) Are reproductively isolated from each other e) Each of the above identifies individuals as belonging to different species

Answer 37

d) Are reproductively isolated from each other

Question 38

Types of reproductive isolation

Answer 38

- Temporal season - mating season - Behavioral isolation - Mechanical isolation - Physiological isolation (non-fertile offspring)

Question 39

What happens to the variation around the mean trait size from one generation to the next in Stabilizing selection?

Answer 39

Decreases: less fitness on either side of the curve