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Human Osteology > Lecture 2 & 3 - Bone Biology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 & 3 - Bone Biology Flashcards

1
Q

list the important essential components of the skeleton

A

Mechanical component
- > it protects (soft tissue and organs)
- > anchors (ligaments)
- > rigid levers for movement
Physiological production center
- > blood cells
- > storage facilities for fat calcium
ITS NOT STATIC SCAFFOLDING OF THE BODY, IT’S ALWAYS ADAPTING AND CHANGING

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2
Q

the skeleton makes up what percentage of your total body weight

A

20%

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3
Q

what are the four factors of skeletal variation?

A
  • > ontogeny (growth)
  • > sexual dimorphism (xx vx xy)
  • > geography (based on how population have adapted to their location/climate)
  • > idiosyncratic (usually extra foramens/notches)
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4
Q

explain Wolff’s Law

A

BONE IS DEPOSITED WHERE IT IS NEEDED AND RESORBED WHERE IT IS NOT NEEDED (use it or lose it)
- > 1869 Julius wold
- > bones are living highly vascularized structures that can change shape over time (remodel)
- > see slide 2 for graph

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5
Q

liste the components of the MSK system and what they do/what they are

A

Joints
- > connections between different skeletal elements (articulation)
Cartilage
- > dense and elastic compressible connective tissue
Ligaments
- > bone to bone, stabilizing
Tendons
- > muscle to bone, movement of the joint

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6
Q

disarticulation vs articulation

A

disarticulation means separated and articulated means together

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7
Q

list the three main joint types

A

Synovial joints
- > mobile
Cartilaginous joints
- > semi-mobile
Fibrous/Syndesmoses Joints
- > immobile

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8
Q

list the types of synovial joints

A
  • > pivot joint
  • > ball and socket
  • > hinge joint
  • > sellar joint
  • > planar joint
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9
Q

components of a synovial joint

A
  • > hyaline cartilage
  • > synovial fluid
  • > joint capsule
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9
Q

types of cartilagenous joints

A

synchondroses
- > articulating bones that are joined by cartilage
symphysis
- > cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

what are synchondroses

A

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
- > articulating bones that are joined by carlitage
- > have very little movement
- > temporary between growth centers, some persist into adult hood
- > i.e. ribs to sternum

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10
Q

what are symphysis

A
  • > type of cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage
    i.e. pubic symphysis
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11
Q

what are fibrous/syndesmoses joints

A
  • > tight inflexible joints
  • > bones joined by bands of dense fibrous, tissue in the form of membrane or ligaments
    i.e. distal tibial connected to fibula or cranial sutures
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12
Q

ratio of bone’s inorganic vs organic material

A
  • > 90% organic (collagen)
  • > 10% inorganic (hydroxyapatite)
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13
Q

what do hydroxyapatite and collagen do/provide in reference to bone

A
  • > H give bone the rigidity
  • > C gives us the flexibility
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14
Q

list the different bone classifications (shape)

A
  • > long
  • > short
  • > flat
  • > irregular
  • > sesamoid
15
Q

list some examples of long bones

A

LONGER THAN WIDE
- > femur, humerus, fibula, tibia, ulna

16
Q

list some examples of short bone

A

AS WIDE AS THEY ARE LONG
- > carpals, tarsals

17
Q

list some examples of flat bones

A

STRONG FLAT PROTECTIVE
- > scapula, sternum, cranium, os coxae, ribs

18
Q

list some examples of irregular bones

A
  • > vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
19
Q

list some examples of sesamoid bones

A

PROTECTS TENDONS
- > patella, pisiform (sometimes people have extra sesamoids in hands and feet)

20
Q

what are the difference sections of a long bone

A
  • > 2 epiphyses on either end
  • > 2 metaphyses, which house the growth plate
  • > diaphysis, long section of the bone
  • > medullary cavity, housed in the diaphysis
21
Q

list the different bone types (age & structure)

A

SEE SL. 24 TO SEE GRAPH
AGE
- > woven (immature)
- > lamellar (mature)
STRUCTURE (types of lamellar bone)
- > cortical/compact
- > cancellous/spongy/trabecular
ALL MATURE BONES ARE LAMELLAR BUT WOVEN MATURES TO LAMELLAR BONE

22
Q

how does the proportion of red/yellow bone marrow change as we age, why?

A

we start out with exclusively red marrow as infants (0-1yrs) then red marrow is converted into yellow marrow during childhood and into adolescence (1-20)
- > conversion begins at the centers of the long bone and extends axially and peripherally
- > red marrow makes blood cells, time of rapid growth needs more and more blood

23
Q

list the main bone cells and what they do

A

ALL OF THESE CELLS ARE FOUND IN OSTEOGENIC TISSUES
osteoblasts
- > bone formation
osteoclasts
- > bone destruction/resorption
osteocytes
- > bone maintenance
- > signal the appropriate cell type (osteoblasts/clasts) depending on the needs of the body/bone

24
Q

what are osteogenic tissues and where are they

A

periosteum
- > a sheath/membrane that covers the whole bone (not joint/articulation point
endosteum
- > lines the inside of the medullary cavity

25
Q

list all the structures/transport systems found in the bone that allow for nutruient and resource transport

A
  • > haversian canals
  • > volkmans canals
  • > lacunae
  • > canaliculi
26
Q

which structures allow for horizontal and vertical transport across the bone

A

Haversian canals
- > allow for the transport of nutrients VERTICALLY across the bone (freeway)
Volkman’s canals
- > allow for the transport of nutrients HORIZONTALLY (off ramps)
Canaliculi
- > the smaller branches off of the volkmans canals, also help with communication

27
Q

what is a lacunae

A

are pockets where osteocytes are found
- > osteoblasts lay down bone then trap themselves then they convert into osteocytes

28
Q

what is an osteon (primary vs secondary)

A

osteon
- > functional unit of cortical bone
- > primary and secondary mean the same thing, secondary is just laid on top of primary
* this is a good way to tell age as we can see how many secondary osteons are laid down

29
Q

what are the different types of bone development

A

intramembranous ossification
- > mineralization of vascular membrane
- > primarily occurs before birth, create the bone/bone blueprint within the membrane
Endochondral ossification
- > bones are preceded by cartilage models
- > nutrient artery
- > buids upon previous previously made cartilage models, occurs after birth
- > diaphysis is created first (primary ossification center) and usually are created in the womb but epiphyses (secondary ossification centers) form after birth
*consider babies bones aren’t fully formed at birth

30
Q

list both types of directional growth

A
  • > linear growth
  • > appositional growth
31
Q

linear growth

A

growth plates, which are organized regions of rapid growth, contribute to an increase of bone length

32
Q

appositional growth

A
  • > increases in bone size/width after endochondral growth has begun

Human Osteology (10 decks)

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