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Top2 BCM > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Centromere

A

Structure in mitotic chromosome that holds together 2 chromatids,

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2
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibers connect to pull the two apart and the centromere is the point of attachment of the kinetochore.

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3
Q

Rep Origin

A

Particular DNA site within a genome at which replication is initiated

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4
Q

Telomerase

A

Ribonucleoprotein (protein +RNA) that elongates telomere sequences

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5
Q

Telomere defintion and examples

A

Repeating minisatellite DNA sequence at both ends of a linear chromosome.
Telemores function by preventing chromosomes from degradation and they also prevent chromosomes from fusing to each other.

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6
Q

Cohesin

A

Ring shaped, chromosome associated, protein complex that mediates cohesion between replicated sister chromatids

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7
Q

CENP-A

A

Centromere-specific variant (substitute) of histone H3

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8
Q

TERT

A

Key enzymatic component of telomerase, has reverse transcriptase

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9
Q

Acrocentric chromosome

A

Chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of the chromosome (contains very short p arm)

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10
Q

Roberstonian translocations

A

2 chromosomes (usually accentric) joining at the centromere region

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11
Q

Modification of histone tails directly influences what?

A

Structure of chromatin

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12
Q

Quickly outline the cell cycle

A

Interphase> M phase

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13
Q

Quickly outline interphase and M phase

A

Interphase is G1, S phase (DNA replication) then G2.

M phase is Prophase, Prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase , cytokinesis division,

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14
Q

What does one linear chromosome contain and what is it made from?

A

Made from one DNA molecule.

Contains 1 centromere, 2 telomeres and multiple replication origins

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15
Q

The 3 things that the linear chromosome contains, is used for what function?

A

Telomeres and Rep origins are used in S Phase for DNA replication.
Centromeres are used in M phase for Mitosis

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16
Q

Name 2 functions of centromeres

A

Essential for segregation of chromosomes and directs formation of kinetochores

17
Q

What can happen when there is more than one centromere?

A

Translocation, chromosome breakage, random segregation of chromosome

18
Q

Give the name for the designations when the centromere is located in

a) Middle
b) Between middle and end
c) Close to end
d) At end

A

a) Metacentric
b) Submetacentric
c) Acrocentric
d) Telocentric

19
Q

What is the alpha satellite DNA?

A

Primary centromeric repeat unit in humans of about 171 bp

20
Q

What other sequences can be found in centromeric regions and what is the name for this region?

A

LINEs and SINEs transposable elements. Pericentric region

21
Q

What is CENP A and H2K4me2

A

CENP A is a chromatin containing centromere specific histone H3 variant.
H3K4me2 is a chromatin containing normal histone H3 that is dimethylated at lysine 4, also lies in the centromere region on either side of the CENPA

22
Q

What chromosome is down syndrome caused by?

A

An extra acrocentric chromosome

23
Q

Explain the fusion between 13 and 14 chromosomes

A

Short p arms of the acrocentric 13 and do not contain any essentialgenes but contain tRNA and rRNA loci which are present in multiple copies. Same goes for 15, 21, and 22

24
Q

Replication Origin sequences are rich in what nucelotide bases?

A

AT rich as it is easier to melt

25
Q

What histone and complexes are in Rep Origins

A

H4 , Origin recognition complex and assembly of the pre rep complex

26
Q

Rep origins form a base for binding of what?

A

ORC

Pre RC

27
Q

Rep origins are enriched with what?

A

Dimethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2)

28
Q

G1 phase is what?

A

Cells grow in size, produce organelles + skeleton, some DNA and proteins needed for DNA synthesis

29
Q

S phase for?

A

DNA replication, DNA synthesis to replicate chromosomes

30
Q

G2 phase for?

A

cells produce RNA and proteins needed for cell division

31
Q

S phase contains what chromosomal elements?

A

Telomeres and rep origins

32
Q

M phase contains what chromosomal elements?

A

Centromeres

33
Q

Centromere specific chromatin structure is required for what?

A

kinetochore assembly and function

Top2 BCM (9 decks)

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