Lecture 2

Question 1

Anal tone indicates what?

Answer 1

constriction of the anus indicates the pudendal nerve is functioning (S1-3)

Question 2

flexion of the tone suggests what?

Answer 2

caudal spinal cord segments

Question 3

Spinal cord segments

Answer 3

C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3
Cd

Question 4

Lower motor neuron unit to the limbs

Answer 4

C6 - T2; L4 - sacral

Question 5

UMN problems are indicated by

Answer 5

normal to increased spinal reflexes

normal to increased muscle tone, disuse muscle atrophy

Question 6

LMN problems are indicated by

Answer 6

decerased to absent spinal reflexes, decreased to absent muscle tone, and neurogenic muscle atrophy (FAST)

Question 7

types of muscle atrophy

Answer 7

disuse- slow, less severe
neurogenic - fast, severe
primary myopathic - variable

Question 8

Lesions on the brain - which limbs

Answer 8

all - UMN signs

Question 9

Lesions in C1-C5 - what limbs affected

Answer 9

UMN in all legs

Question 10

C6 to T2

Answer 10

Thoracic LMN
Pelvic
UMN

Question 11

T3 - L3

Answer 11

Thoracic - Norm

Pelvic UMN

Question 12

L4 to S1-3

Answer 12

Thoracic: Normal
Pelvic: LMN

Question 13

pseudohyperreflexia

Answer 13

due to loss of antagonistc muscles from lack sciatic function

Question 14

diffuse LMN

Answer 14

c6-T2 and L4 - S1

Question 15

abnormal mental status

Answer 15

demented, disoriented, depressed, obtunded

Question 16

stuporous

Answer 16

only responds to deep pain

Question 17

comatose

Answer 17

non-responsive, not even to deep pain

Question 18

decerebrate rigidity

Answer 18

opisthotonos - extensor rigidity of all the limbs; stupor or comatose

Question 19

decerebrate rigidity is pathognomonic to where?

Answer 19

midbrain/mesencephalon and (RAS)

respiratory and cardiovascular alterations

Question 20

midbrain hyperventiliation

Answer 20

confirmed with CO2 (will below) on blood gas

Question 21

decerebellate rigidity

Answer 21

opisthotonous, extensor rigidity of the thoracic limbs, AWARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT; other cerebellar signs

Question 22

decerebrate rigidity lesions

Answer 22

are not in the cerebrum; it’s in the midbrain

Question 23

schiff sherington

Answer 23

no opisthotonous ut extensor rigidity will be present

Question 24

schiff sherrington lesions

Answer 24

T3-L3 lesions; UMN paraplegia; lack of inhibition to the extensors of the thoracic limbs

Question 25

where do border cells live

Answer 25

L1-L4

Question 26

head turns are associated to lesions where?

Answer 26

supratentorial on the side towards the turn

Question 27

head tilts are associated with what type of lesions

Answer 27

cerebellar or vestibular usually towards the side of the lesion

Question 28

when do paradoxical head tilts occur?

Answer 28

lesions to caudal cerebellar peduncle or flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Question 29

Cerebellar lesions differentiating from vestibular lesions

Answer 29

``` intention tremors menace deficits rebound phenomenon elevated 3rd eyelid elevation not involved with CP deficits increased urination ```

Question 30

vestibular lesions distinguishing from cerebellar

Answer 30

head tremors and eyelid contraction secondary to nystagmus positional strabismus CP deficits

Question 31

central vestibular lesions

Answer 31

1. vertical nystagmus 2. changing nystagmus 3. other CN deficits other than or 8 4. CP deficits