lecture 2 Flashcards
After World War 2
1947: the Marshall plan
1955: Bandung conference
1959: Cuban revolution
1961: Alliance for progress
1960s World Bank view on development
economic growth -> improved living conditions in the development countries
White elephants
foreign sponsored infrastructure that failed to help the development of a country due to the lack of connection to the countries economy
development in the 1970s
United Nations: Basic needs approach
‘Redistribution of Growth’ - (e.g. through taxes)
integrated rural development projects - in the beginning development was focused on industrialization. Now it also focussus on education, health, and agriculture. (better seeds)
1970s / 1980s Washington consensus
1970s: ‘Oil crisis’
- Petrodollars
- highly indebted (military) development states
Liberalization
- Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
End of Cold War
SAP conditions
- Withdrawal of the State: an enabling state
- Deregulation
- Reduction of expenditures
- End of Subsidies
- Privatization
- Elimination of protection
- Financial reforms
1990s - 2000s
Emergence of Eastern Europe (After the fall of the Wall)
- transition countries
Continuation of neo-liberal strategies:
- But also safety nets, and... - Focus on institutions - Human rights - Decentralization - 'Good Governance' --> a role for civil society
Many donors shifted their donations from Latin America to Eastern Europe
1989 World Bank brought out an report on years of aid in Africa. Conclusion: the lack of increased development due to lack of good governance.
Development elements need addressing in making a proposal
Gender: in making a proposal state clear benefits to both genders.
Sustainable development: show you have eye to the environmental impact of your proposal. How will you tackle these impacts
Poverty reduction / Eridication
- Debt Relief
- HIPC - initiative ( Highly Indebted Poor Countries)
- poor countries invited to write a paper on how
they would deal with their poverty, if this was a
sound a particapatory paper, they would get soft
loans and debt reliefs. They were written by
consultants hired by their governments.
- PRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers)
- The outcome of these papers often favoured the economy of the donor country. E.g. Bolivia was closely linked to the Netherlands. A mean challenge the paper found was better water management: What a Suprise! The Netherlands was very good at water management.
UN Conferences
1992: Environment and Development
- agenda 21
1993: Human Rights
1995: Women and Development
1995: Social Summit
1996: Urbanization
- habitat Agenda
2000: Millennium Summit
- millennium Declaration
2002: Sustainable Development
2007 & 2009: Climate Change
Millennium Villages
- 15 African villages
- Initiated by Columbia University (Jeffrey Sachs) and the UN
- Various funding agencies (60USD/inhabitants/year)
- Highly criticized –> they try to alter their outcome in their reporting, make it more positive. (slide ‘getting better … but why). ‘by isolating them they dont take into account other influences’
Right Based Approaches
- Duty bearers and right holder (governments and the people)
- Equal rights and acces for all (no discrimination)
- Social justice: eliminating social disparities and inequalities.
- Relationship between state and its citizens put center stage
- Creating the conditions under which people can live with dignity and peace and develop their full potential
Comparing MDG vs RBA
- The poor as objects vs The poor as agents
- Focus on aggregate figures VS
Focus on the individuals rights - Promotes monitoring industries VS
Promotes accountability of governments - Focus on symptoms of poverty VS
Focus on the causes and complexity of poverty
High level fora on effectiveness of AID
2003 Rome: Ownership
2005 Paris: Paris Declaration
2008 Accra: CSO as development actors
2011 Busan: Renewed emphasis, private sector
Paris Agenda (2005)
Ownership: partner countries in the driver seat
Alignment: donors align with countries policies and procedures (trade policies of donor in accordance with national and other donor countries)
Harmonization: Donors harmonies their procedures and divisions of labour
Managing results: ‘Results focus’ needed in aid and development
Mutual Accountability: Donors and countries both to each other.
The overall conclusion was that this Paris agenda was not successful.
The 2030 agenda
- Preparations started a few years ago
- Nationals level meetings to discuss draft list
- SDGs: 17 goals, 169 targets
- Main difference: global goals
- The plan is not widely publicized because countries have different focusses right now, such as the migration crisis. ‘ Silence dominates’
The Aid Architecture
- Centralized and Decentralized development
- multilateral (state to UN to state) and bilateral (state to state) civilateral (NGOs
- municipalties
- new actors (operatie schoenendoos)
- back donors such as: Schools, Citizens, Churches, Companies, etc.
Bilateral channel
- from state to state
- powerfull tool: You can show to tax payers how the money was spend. You can make conditions such as: hire the experts and buy the resources from us!
- also called ‘Tied Aid’
South - South Cooperation
- BRICS
- Triangular cooperation
- Motives
status, similar problems have similar solutions
Multilateral channel
- From state government –> International organization –> state government
- UN System, Regional Development Bank
Arguments against –> It takes years to take off, many people in these big cooperations have no field experience in development countries.
Civilateral channels
- NGOs, here and in the south. (they still received the largest part of their funds by the ministery of foreign affairs. 15 years ago the minister opened up this market for new and other (than the big 4). They had to fire a lot of staff but it gave more open climate and new ideas to the development sector
- private, the ‘third’ sector, autonomous, non profit making institutions.
Decentralised cooperation
peer to peer approach
Municipal international cooperation, for example through city-twinnings
Strengthening local governance in the South:
waste and water management, financial management, urban planning & housing
Recently: reduction in funding;
The Emergence of ‘ the 4th pillar’
Rise of ‘non-specialist’: development is not their core business
Also: otherback ground - not based in North-South relations, but stemming from international, globalising trends;
Funding: Min of BuZa/ NGOs/ Citizens
1950s - 1990s Form of AID
Project Aid:
- Technical Assistance
Criticism:
- Supply driven nature of TA (they take whatever)
- excessive emphasis on tangible, measurable output
as opposed to institutional development bypassing
existing government system (Berg report 1993);
huge range of projects and donors (example:
Tanzania: 40+ donors, 2000+ nr of projects)
1990s - 2010 Form of AID
Shift towards (big) Program Aid
- Sector wide approaches (SWAps)
- Dutch policy since 1999
“”increase effectiveness of aid by enabling the recipient
government to implement a multi-annual policy, which has been formulated with all relevant actors in the
country and which is supported by a number of donors for a longer period of time”
