Lecture 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Grand Theory
Provides conceptual framework under which key concepts for nursing can be identified (abstract, cant treat pts or interventions)
Framework
Cannot be test empirically
Middle Range Theory
Analyzes a specific situation with a limited number of variables.
Bridge between grand and practice
Target specific (chronic disease)
Practice Theory
Explains one specific situation in nursing
descriptive theory
Describes phenomena
Predict why
Explores consequences
explain relate and predict
not to inform nursing intervention Substance abuse (Why is their a cycle)
Prescriptive
Addresses nursing interventions and attempts to predict consequences
action oriented
test specific interventions
Must include: intervention, conditions in which this should occur, and the consequences
Why must we turn out pts, if we turn them it decreases bed sores
Practice based theories
Nightingale:
Inspired by nursing practice
first set of principles -including environment
think about clients
shifted the focus from disease processes to environment conductive to healing
Just do it concept
No interaction with patient
Needs theory
Virgnia Henderson
14 basic needs
viewing the client in this way -defined nursings role
Help with things that contribute to health, wellness or a peaceful death
language is easy to understand
biological psychological social and spiritual combine
you need to walk so heres how we will get you to
Doesn’t identify the interactions
Interactionist theory
Hildegard Peplau
Relationships
communication and behavioural patterns
interactive and therapeutic relationship
Nurses are investigators, interpreter and reporter
develops insights
preventing illness and maintaining health
Socioeconomic factors are missing
SYstems theories
Dorothy Johnson
complexity of human health - 7 subsystems with unique goals, behaviours and choices
entire person with parts
open system - pts constant interacting with surroundings
nurses realized that intervention in one part caused a reaction in another
domino effects
doesn’t look at the person as a whole
Simultaneity Theory
Jean Watson
Considered the individual to a totality
mind and body make one thing
unity
Oneness -connected
Nurses must deal with caring
facilitates healing and growth
holistic
Issue
- Requires analysis
- Possibilities
- Barriers to resolution
- Persists over time
- Shortage of nurses
Problem
- Benefits from analysis
- One dimension
- Solution is apparent
- Can be resolved fairly immediately
- You need a ride
Trend
- Analysis not required
- A direction
- Does not involve a solution
Critical Framework
Nature of the issue
Historical analysis
Ethical and legal
Social and cultural
Political
Critical Feminist
Early characterisitics of a profession
- Recognized by institutional authorities
- Requires specialized and technical knowledge
- Commitment to service
- Self-organized with governing body and hierarchy
- Codes of practice and ethical standards
- Secure privileges and rights
Characteristics of nursing
Committed to public service
specialised knowledge
high degree of responsibility
based on ethical standards
professional evolves
First Nurses
- Nursing: “oldest of the arts and youngest of the professions”
- Turning points in world history are turning points in nursing.
- Science, spirit and skills = theoretical, practical and ethical
- Late middle ages (1000-1500 ad): “great numbers of men became nurses and the military ideal of discipline and order entered nursing”
Early Canadian History in Nursing (mid 1600s)
No tech, herbal remedies
•Battled smallpox, diphtheria, typhus, cholera, scarlet fever(epidemics)
Need for healthcare that was accessible
- Informal social structures were created long before modern nursing
- Developed and practiced a form of nursing, midwifery, palliative care
Aboriginal women
Nursing in Canada - Firsts
First nurses were male in Acadia
First Nursing mission in 1639, 3 nuns treated small pox in Quebec
Jeanne Mance: Montreal. Built informal network of nursing recruits. Founded hotel Dieu
History of Nursing in Saskatchewan
Grey nuns founded mission at ille-a-la-crosse
three sister traveled in a Hudson bay barge from st Boniface Manitoba to northern Saskatchewan taking 67 days
History
No graduate or registered nurses (nightingale school)
Grey nuns order to take care for the sick and the forgotten
•Nurse Kate Miller and Hannah Grier Combe arrived from Winnipeg in 1885 to saskatoon and started organizing the care for wounded - created framework for hospitals
first private hospital opened in regina
Hospitals opened nursing schools
Weir Report
Showed low standards of school
Student nurses staffed wards
turning point in nursing education
Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing
Superintendent of nurses that went to Crimean war hospital
Her evidence of positive health outcomes = public cry for change
Nightingale school of nursing opened in 1860
Lobby for women to have a right to enter nursing
Historical Accident
Failure to apply nightingale model, dependence on money
