lecture 2

Question 1

c1 chemistry

Answer 1

build up carbon skeleton to start with CO (triple bond)

-used for synthetic gas - Fisher Tropsch (heterogenous)

Question 2

steam reforming

Answer 2

using ch4 to make co and h2
reconverted back to ch4 during c1 chem
uses methane feed

Question 3

hydroformylation

Answer 3

converting alkenes to functionalized products
alcohols and acids to detergents
adding H and formyl group to double bond

Question 4

oil shale

Answer 4

organic matter known as kerogen that produces low grade crude oil between 450-500 c
begins as solid and when heated some will be converted to liquid
eocene green river formation (utah colorado wyoming)

Question 5

oil bearing shales

Answer 5

rock formations that contain pockets of actual oil

Question 6

removing oil shales

Answer 6

dig and heat if close enough to surface
drill 600 feet deep holes and space 5 ft apart, insert heating probes
can also drill horizontal to add heat

Question 7

shale/tight oil

Answer 7

fracking when oil is actually within the shales
hydraulic fracturing of the surrounding rock
solution is water and sand

Question 8

fracking concerns

Answer 8

consumes large quantities of water (water not lost)
environmental contamination (water and organic products)
groundwater contamination (aquifer is closer to surface than fracking)
release of trapped gases
increased seismic activity

Question 9

radioactive

Answer 9

nucleus of isotope is unstable

stable nucleus will not decay

Question 10

alpha and beta radiation

Answer 10

emission of particles
gets stopped easily (paper, foil, clothing)
alpha = ejection of helium nucleus

Question 11

beta radiation

Answer 11

ejection of electrons from nucleus and comes out as charged beam
neutron coverts to proton and electron
positron emission

Question 12

gamma radiation

Answer 12

high frequency and energy (electromagnetic) radiation

not easy to stop

Question 13

belt of stability

Answer 13

only certain ratios of neutrons and protons are stable

Question 14

positron emission

Answer 14

when positron meets with nearby electron it creates two gamma rays
PET scan - 18F emits positrons

Question 15

electron capture

Answer 15

protons can capture electrons and create a neutron

Question 16

nuclear fission

mass defect

Answer 16

nucleus will absorb neutron and decays quickly
increased number of neutrons released (1-3)
-product has lower mass than original U235
all rxns have mass defect that will start next decay sequence

Question 17

centrifugation

Answer 17

enrich and separate u238 and u235
3-5% reactors
90% bombs

Question 18

nuclear reactors

Answer 18

control rods within can control amount of neutrons by absorbing them when placed in water and reactor

Question 19

CANDU reactor

Answer 19

doesnt need to use enriched uranium 
uses deuterium (heavy) water, low neutron capture corss section allows use of natural U fuel