Lecture 2 Flashcards by Delayne van Dijk

What year did the world become majority urban?

2007

-as population grows, the urban population grows 4x as fast

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How can we see that the scale of urbanization is increasing?

As evidenced by the emergence of megacities, conurbations, and megalopolises around the world

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What are some of the implications of urbanization?

Behavioural
Socio-economic
Political
Cultural
Environmental

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What are the urban management challenges?

Environment
Population size and growth
Services
Society - behaviour
Unemployment
Racial and ethnic issues
Privacy
Modernization and globalization
Traffic
Governance

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What is urban planning?

the technical and political process concerned with the design of the urban environment

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What is a MDC?

More developed country; urbanization accompanied and was the consequence of industrialization; high levels of prosperity

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What is a LDC?

Less developed country; urbanization has occurred only partially due to industrial and economic growth; lower standards of living

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Back then where did kings and queens decide to build a city?

They had a say in where their castle would be and then the city grow around from there

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What were historical patterns in urbanization?

Centers of orgnanization grew independently from one another and didn’t know what the other was doing

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What/where were the first cities?

First city was mezapotania, then nile valley,
Indus valley (present day Pakistan),
yellow river valley (china), mezoamerica (NA)

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What are the stages of urbanization?

Preindustrial: most people will employed in primary sector, worked out of city walls where agriculture was
Early industrial: manufacturing was important when steam engine was a thing, mostly in London where it started
Late industrial: service sector,
Post industrial

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What are the different labour categories?

• Primary: ag, fishing, forestry mining,
• Secondary: manufacturiing
• Tertiary: service sector
Quaternary: info sector, IT, biotech

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Why is early industrialization interesting?

Still dynamically linked to rural society
• Types: religious, administrative, political
• Cities still linked to hinterland, but now we arent denpendent from hinterland casue our food and resources come from all around the world

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What is mercantile?

Growth in mercantilism
• State controlled manufacturing (guild-based), trade (e.g. Venice)
• More emphasis on growth and trade, goal isn’t wealth entirely

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What is capitalist?

Goal of economy: expansion
• Profit maximization
• Individualistic, minimum state-control
• Led to industrialization

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Why Cities are always in flux (the position in the hierarchy)?

Overtime size of cities have changed since the beginning
Up and down wasn’t as pronounced in china, the cities in china remained as cities and didn’t really crash, there was influx but was never not a city

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What has urbanization been accompanied by?

globalization

How are cities connected?

by flows of people, goods, services and capital that unite cities, people, environments across space and time

What is driving globalization?

Urban institutions

What is driving urbanization rates?

Flow iof people is driving urbanization rates, mostly unequally. Decision making centers are all in urban areas and influencing the flow of people

What are the different faces of globalization?

Economic/Financial: hoomogenization (same food everywhere), everywhere we go its going to feel like we are in the same city
Political: UN,
Social/cultural
Knowledge
Technological
Ecological

What is the spatial distribution of cities?

Physical attributes and situaiton. Within larger geographical context how do the citis fit in? on trade route, coastal cities, can they connect with other cities etc.
Cities funtions and urban econmies

What kind of renters do cities act as?

i. Market centres (trade & commerce)
• Central place

ii. Transportation centres (transport services)
• Break-of-bulk or containers
○ Waterways, highways, railroads, switch of transportation mode
• Usually a hub for multiple modes of transport

iii. Specialized service centres (government, recreation or religious pilgrimage)

What is the central place theory?

Central place theory (Walter Christaller) explained regular size, spacing and function of urban settlements in fertile agricultural region
Largest city surrounded by medium sized which are in turn surrounded by small cities (spatially organized, nested hierarchy)

What is the central place theory dictated by?

* Dictated by size of markets * Cities grew where specialized markets where, and these were surrounded by medium cities and those surrounded by smaller ones

What is the law of primate city ?

Some countries have urban hierarchies that conform to the rank-size rule and some have hierarchies that conform to the so-called “law of the primate city.” Most countries fall somewhere in between (at an intermediate position on this continuum). -are appropriately applied to analyze states as well as the nation as a whole

What is the quantitative definition of primate city?

• Quantitative definition: “At least twice as large as the next largest city.”

What is the qualitative definition of primate city?

• Qualitative definition: “Exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling.”

Who is the founder of the primate law?

Mark Jefferson

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Primacy?

Advantages of Primacy: • Economies of Scale, • Convenience of Centrality Disadvantages of Primacy: • Underserved Regions, •Imbalanced Development

What is the rank size rule?

• Quantitative definition (by Zipf): The nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city. Example: The 4th largest city is ¼ the size of the largest city.`

What is the internal structure of cities?

* Central business district * Manufacturing area * Residential areas (different types) * Parks * Transportation corridors (raiklway, street, highway, airport)

What are the 3 main models of city structure?

Concentric Sector Multiple nuclei Inverse Concentric

What is the Concentric model?

Cities residentially segregated based on class (socio-economic position). Doesn’t take topography into consideration

What is the sector model?

Cities grow in sectors along transportation corridors giving land-use patterns a directional bias. Trasnportation corridor to allow factories to set up, and have worker housing right next to the factories

What is the multiple nuclei model?

Cities grow around several distinct nodes

What is the inverse concentric model?

Preindustrial cities usually in LDC. Transportation was poor, poorer neighbourhoods on the edge/outside of the city

What are some frames of reference for looking at cities when we try to make sense of cities?

* Live and visit (tourist, visitor, citizen) * Management (manager, politicians, rulers) * Observer (artist, journalist, scientist) * Historical * Geographic spatial approach (MDC vs LDC)

What are the different perspectives we can take on cities?

City as: - community - Maket place - battleground - Machine - Ecosystem

What is the perspective as a city as a community?

“The great purpose of the city is to permit, indeed to encourage and invite the greatest number of meetings, encounters, challenges between all persons, classes and groups.” Lewis Mumford Cities as communities, cities of communities • Districts, quartiers, barrios • Naming conventions (uptown, midtown, downtown)

What is the perspective as a city as a battleground?

* Destruction (fire, volcano, earthquake) * War, rebellion, terrorism * Climate change – coastal cities * Health – disease * Urban disaster movies (e.g. Spiderman) * Walls, ghettos, riots & revolutions * Urban pathologies (failed cities)

What is the perspective as a city as an ecosystem?

Looking at various species and how they interact with each other and the environment They take in food and resources and do stuff with them, parts of these resources are recycled, and has outputs. Circular process is more natural and want to achieve this in real life instead of linear progression