Lecture 2 AI

Question 2

What are the four stages of drug administration?

Answer 2

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 3

List the routes of drug administration.

Answer 3

• Oral
• Rectal
• Topical
• Parenteral (Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneously)
• Inhalation

Question 4

What is the importance of lipid solubility in drug distribution?

Answer 4

Important factor in how well a drug can be distributed in the body

Question 5

Define pharmacokinetics.

Answer 5

How the body processes the medication

Question 6

Define pharmacodynamics.

Answer 6

How the body responds to the medication

Question 7

What are the two types of neuronal transport?

Answer 7

• Anterograde
• Retrograde

Question 8

What is the process of neurogenesis?

Answer 8

The process of generating new neurons

Question 9

What occurs during synaptogenesis?

Answer 9

Formation of synapses between neurons

Question 10

True or False: Neuronal death can occur via apoptosis or necrosis.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Name the key neurotransmitters categorized as amines.

Answer 11

• Serotonin (5-HT)
• Norepinephrine (NE)
• Dopamine (DA)
• Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 12

What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

• Glutamate (stimulating)
• Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) (inhibiting)

Question 13

What is co-transmission in neurotransmission?

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter transported with another substance

Question 14

Identify the three primary types of retrograde neurotransmission.

Answer 14

• Endocannabinoids (EC)
• Nitric Oxide (NO)
• Neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF)

Question 15

What is a signal transduction cascade?

Answer 15

A series of chemical exchanges/steps between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Question 16

What role do second messengers play in signal transduction?

Answer 16

They activate further signaling pathways within the cell

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The first messenger in neurotransmission is the _______.

Answer 17

[neurotransmitter]

Question 18

What is the function of CREB in gene expression?

Answer 18

CREB is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression

Question 19

What happens during transcription?

Answer 19

DNA is converted into messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 20

Define translation in the context of protein synthesis.

Answer 20

mRNA is translated into a protein by ribosomes

Question 21

What do kinases do in signal transduction?

Answer 21

Attach phosphate groups to proteins

Question 22

What do phosphatases do?

Answer 22

Remove phosphate groups from proteins

Question 23

Identify the two types of gene expression.

Answer 23

• Early (fast) genes
• Late (slow) genes

Question 24

What is upregulation in neurotransmission?

Answer 24

Increased sensitivity of neurons

Question 25

What is downregulation in neurotransmission?

Answer 25

Decreased sensitivity of neurons

Question 26

What is the role of kinases in signal transduction?

Answer 26

Attach phosphate groups ## Footnote Kinases are enzymes that modify other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups.

Question 27

What do phosphatases do in signal transduction?

Answer 27

Remove phosphate groups ## Footnote Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, reversing the action of kinases.

Question 28

What is the first messenger in the ion-channel linked system?

Answer 28

Neurotransmitter ## Footnote The first messenger is the molecule that binds to the receptor to initiate the signal transduction pathway.

Question 29

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor in the ion-channel linked system?

Answer 29

Changes ion-channel construction ## Footnote This binding leads to a conformational change in the ion channel, affecting its permeability.

Question 30

What is the second messenger in the ion-channel linked system?

Answer 30

Calcium ## Footnote Calcium ions act as a secondary messenger, relaying signals from the first messenger to elicit a cellular response.

Question 31

What does calcium activate in the ion-channel linked pathway?

Answer 31

CaMK ## Footnote Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) is activated by calcium and plays a key role in signaling.

Question 32

What is the third messenger in the ion-channel linked system when calcium is involved?

Answer 32

CaMK ## Footnote CaMK is considered a third messenger due to its role in further propagating the signal within the cell.

Question 33

What is the effect of activating CREB?

Answer 33

Upregulation of gene expression ## Footnote CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a transcription factor that increases the transcription of specific genes.

Question 34

What happens when calcium activates Calcineurin?

Answer 34

De-activation of CREB ## Footnote Calcineurin, a phosphatase, can dephosphorylate CREB, leading to decreased gene expression.

Question 35

True or False: Kinase A and CaMK can activate CREB.

Answer 35

True ## Footnote Both Kinase A and CaMK are involved in signaling pathways that lead to the activation of CREB.

Question 36

What are the major components of signal transduction cascades?

Answer 36

Key neurotransmitters, kinases, phosphatases, and gene expression ## Footnote These components work together to transmit signals from receptors to cellular responses.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: The system that involves changes in ion-channel construction due to neurotransmitter binding is called the _______.

Answer 37

Ion-channel linked system ## Footnote This system is crucial for rapid cellular responses to neurotransmitter signals.