Lecture 2 - Altered Cell Biology

Question 1

What is neoplasia?

Answer 1

The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth or tissue

Question 2

What are some normal cell adaptations?

Answer 2

callouses, tanning, uterine/mammary gland changes, larger adrenal gland during stress

Question 3

What are some abnormal cell adaptations?

Answer 3

cell death by burn
mole
wart
cancer

Question 4

Definitions

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

Answer 4

normal cell changes

smaller cells
larger cells
more cells

Question 5

Definitions

Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Answer 5

abnormal cell changes

replacement of one cell type with another cell type
loss of normal organization of cells. often pre-cancer condition

Question 6

Factors that can determine extent of cell damage

Answer 6

genetics
age
gender
race 
nutrition
others

Question 7

Lack of oxygen to tissues

Answer 7

hypoxia

Question 8

hypoxia is caused by…

Answer 8

decreased blood flow
blockage of vessels
heart failure
hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood)

Question 9

hypoxia causes…

Answer 9

switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
high lactic acid
low ATP
decreased adenosine inside cells

Question 10

lack of ATP in cells causes…

Answer 10

decreased activity of ion pumps
cell swelling (osmosis due to ions)

Question 11

What is the tissue damage associated with hypoxia?

Answer 11

ischemia

Question 12

Full manifestation of what takes 24-48 hours

Answer 12

ischemia

Question 13

Why is rapid restoration of blood flow bad?

Answer 13

it results in excess oxygen delivery to the tissue, which generates ROS (reactive oxygen species) that cause oxidation of lipids and proteins

Called reperfusion injury

Question 14

What does alcohol target to damage?

Answer 14

liver and brain

Question 15

what do barbiturates target to damage?

Answer 15

brain and kidney

Question 16

what does lead target to damage?

Answer 16

brain and RBC’s

Question 17

where do endotoxins come from?

Answer 17

Also called lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are part of outer coat of GRAM-NEGATIVE bacteria

they are non-specific (affect many tissues)

Question 18

what do endotoxins do?

Answer 18

increase release of cytokines

Question 19

what do cytokines do?

Answer 19

stimulate immune/inflammation
increase body temp
malaise
vaso-dilation

Question 20

where do exotoxins come from?

Answer 20

gram-positive bacteria

they are very specific - only affect single pathway or specific tissue

Question 21

What is bacteremia and what does it do?

Answer 21

growth of bacteria in the blood

destroys blood cells
causes large inc of cytokines
can cause rapid death

Question 22

DNA viruses

Answer 22

inject DNA
use cell to make mRNA, then viral proteins
cellular components are transformed into things to make new viruses

Question 23

RNA viruses

Answer 23

inject RNA
RNA is reverse transcribed into viral DNA
DNA transcribed into viral mRNA then proteins
eventually utilized to make new viruses

Question 24

What are good targets for radiation?

Answer 24

large molecules (especially DNA)

Question 25

What are some rapidly growing cells in the body?

Answer 25

``` cells of: gastrointestinal fetus bone marrow lymph node skin hair ```

Question 26

What will mild cold cause? (temp)

Answer 26

decreased ATP | therefore, effects of hypoxia

Question 27

What will severe cold cause? (temp)

Answer 27

ice crystals which puncture and destroy cell membranes

Question 28

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 28

a storage form of iron

Question 29

What causes gangrene?

Answer 29

lack of oxygen

Question 30

How is gangrene manifest?

Answer 30

dry: when oxygen cut off slowly. dry. little inflammation wet: found in areas of high blood flow. when oxygen supply cut off quickly. red and inflamed gas: infection in area of wet gangrene. smells terrible. gas pockets. large cytokines, death rapid

Question 31

What causes gas gangrene?

Answer 31

Clostridium infection of dead tissues in are of wet gangrene

Question 32

How to treat gangrene?

Answer 32

keep sterile remove dead tissue antibiotics hyperbaric chamber (high oxygen)