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MSK Test 1 > Lecture 2: Back Osteology > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Back Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Long bones

A

Humerus/femur

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2
Q

Short Bones

A

Tarsals/ carpals, cuboidal in shape

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3
Q

Flat bones

A

Squamous skull, designed to protect the brain

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Facial bones, not long short or flat

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5
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Patella, embedded in tendon

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6
Q

Sutural/ Workman bones

A

Amid skull sutures in neurocranium

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

Portion of a bone furthest from the center

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8
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Cartilaginous region between epiphysis and metaphysics, Secondary ossification center

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9
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared region between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central portion of bone, primary ossification center

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11
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Region between metaphysis and epiphysis after cessation of ossification

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12
Q

Compact bone

A

Outmost solid layer

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13
Q

Cancellous/ spongy bone

A

Innermost sinusoidal layer

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14
Q

Medullary/marrow cavity

A

Replaces some of cancellous bone layer in adults

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15
Q

Mastoid foramen

A

Transmits mastoid emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery

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16
Q

Styloid process

A

Origin of styloid muscles and ligament

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17
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Articulates with the condylar process of the mandible at the temporomandiublar joint

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18
Q

Pharyngeal tubercle

A

Central, anterior to foramen magnum, protrudes inferiorly

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19
Q

What is insertion point for superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Pharyngeal tubercle

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20
Q

What articulates with superior articulating process of atlas

A

Occipital condyle

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21
Q

Tubercle of transverse ligament

A

Origin and contralateral insertion of transverse band of cruciform Ligament

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22
Q

What transmits vertebral artery

A

Transverse foramen

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23
Q

Jefferson or burst fracture

A

Blow to the top of the head fracturing both arches of atlas

  • Fracture alone will not typically injure spinal cord
  • if transverse L is ruptured odontoid process may injure spinal cord
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24
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A
  • occurs usually as a result of hyperextension of head on the neck
  • occurs in axis (odontoid process and vertebral arch)
  • fracture of odontoid process may occur after horizontal blow to head
  • if odontoid breaks at base usually not heal (transverse L holds away from blood supply)
  • odontoid process break at inferior base= more like to heal
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25
What is treatment for hangman’s fracture
Cervical traction to improve the displacement and immobilization in halo vest
26
What transmits spinal cord
Vertebral foramen
27
Spina bifida occulta
Developmental abnormality in which vertebral lamina fail to fuse ad close off the vertebral canal -often tuft of hair exists over defect
28
Where does Spina bifida occulta occur
At L5 and S1
29
Spina bifida cystica
Incorporates neural tissue and meninges
30
Transverse foramen of what transmits the vertebral A
C1-C6
31
What is anterior tubercle attachment point for? (C3-6)
- levator scapulae muscles | - scalene muscles
32
What is anterior tubercle on C6 called
Carotid tubercle
33
Costotransverse bar (cervical vertebrae 3-6)
Lateral boundary of the transverse foramen Links costal and transverse elements of the transverse process Possesses a depressed area that accommodates the anterior rami of spinal nerves
34
Superior articulating process (cervical vertebrae (3-6))
Articulates with inferior articulating process of the vertebral segment above
35
Inferior articulating process (c3-c6)
Articulates with superior articulating process of vertebral segment below
36
What is the vertebra prominens
C7- long and well pronounced spinous process
37
Why does it require more force to dislocate cervical vertebrae?
Because articulating facets are more horizontal than other vertebrae -due to large vertebral foramen does not usually result in injury to spinal cord
38
Superior costal facet
Meets with costal head of the same numeric segment
39
Inferior costal facet
Meets with costal head one numeric segment up
40
Transverse costal facet
Meets with costal tubercle of the same numeric segment
41
Superior articular process
Articulates with inferior articular process of vertebral segment above
42
Inferior articular process (thoracic vertebrae)
Articulates with superior articular process of vertebral segment below
43
Head of rib
Articulates with thoracic vertebrae
44
Superior articular facet of rib
Articulates with superior costal demifacet on thoracic vertebral body of the same numeric segment
45
Crest of head
Separates two articular facets
46
What is an attachment point for the lateral costotransverse L
Tubercle of rib
47
Articular facet (rib)
Articulates with transverse costal facets on thoracic vertebrae
48
Costal groove
houses intercostal nerve and vessels
49
Costal angle
Anterolateral turning point of rib
50
Spondylosis
Degenerative joint disease which involves calcification of edges of vertebral body -can cause localized pain and stiffness
51
Spondylolysis
Separation of vertebra arch from vertebral body
52
Spondylolisthesis
Anterior displacement of vertebral body on inferior vertebral segment -can occur secondary to spondylolysis
53
Vertebral foramen (lumbar)
Transmits spinal cord, conus medullaris and cauda equina | -large and triangular
54
Vertebral body (lumbar)
Very large and kidney shaped
55
Spinous process (lumbar)
Short, sturdy, hatchet shaped
56
Accessory process (lumbar)
Attachment for intertransversarii muscles
57
What is unique to lumbar vertebrae
Mammillary process
58
Mammillary process attachments (lumbar)
Multifidi muscles and intertransversarii muscles
59
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Narrowing of lumbar vertebral foramen -may cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots -+ intervertebral disc bulging= arthritic proliferation and ligamentous degradation of vertebral canal is more compromised
60
where is needle inserted in lumbar puncture?
between L3/L4 and L4/L5** at level of iliac crest - chosen to avoid needle injuring spinal cord - ligamentum flavum “pops” and passes into lumbar cistern deep to the spinal dura and arachnoid mater. - CSF can then be drawn
61
sacrilization of the L5 Vertebra (hemisacrilization)
is the partial or complete incorporation of L5 vertebral segment into the sacrum
62
lumbarization of S1 vertebra
seperation of S1 vertebra from sacrum
63
median sacral crest is fuse____
spinous processes
64
medial (intermediate) sacral crest is fused___
articulating processes
65
lateral sacral crest is fused_____
transverse processes
66
what do posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina transmit
posterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves
67
what is the sacral hiatus
gap left by absence of lamina and spinous process of S5
68
what do anterior (ventral/pelvic) sacral foramina transmit
anterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves
69
what does sacral canal transmit?
cauda equina
70
what does coccygeal cornua articulate with
sacral cornua/horn
71
what can cause bruising dislocation or fracture of coccyx?
abrupt falls on lower back, difficult child birth | -coccygodynia can follow coccygeal trauma, and is painful and difficult to treat
72
what are primary curvatures of spinal column?
thoracic and sacral kyphoses
73
what are secondary curvatures of spinal column?
cervical and lumbar lordosis
74
kyphosis
exaggerated curving of thoracic vertebral column “humpback"
75
lordosis
exaggerated curving of lumbar vertebral column “sway back"

MSK Test 1 (10 decks)

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