Lecture 2 Basic Tissue Flashcards

Question

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM

Answer 1

• Many layers of cells on an irregular basal laver. • No layer of keratin. • Kept moist from bodily secretions (ex: saliva), not the membrane itself: - bodily secretions prevent it from drying out. • Range from cuboidal to squamous cells, can have polyhedral shaped cells. Cells are continually being replaced.

Answer 2

Location: • Buccal and alveolar mucosa • Ventral part of tongue (underneath) • Soft palate • Floor of the mouth • Sulcular epithelium • Esophagus • Cornea

Answer 3

• Located on dry surfaces. • Has a keratin layer for protection. • Great cell differentiation among its 5 layers: 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum (palms & soles, not in oral cavity) 5. Stratum corneum (dead, non-nucleated) KERATIN: • Tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein. • Resists friction. • Impervious to bacteria and other invaders. • 1st line of defense. • Nuclei are condensed and inactive.

Answer 4

Location: • Skin • Free gingiva (outside only) • Attached gingiva • Hard palate • Dorsal of tongue • Lips

Answer 5

• Ranges between stratified squamous non-keratinized and stratified columnar epithelium. • Ranges from polyhedral to dome shaped, flat cells. • Cells are soft, pliable, and loosely arranged.

Answer 6

Epithelial cells are capable of rapid turnover- • The time it takes for the newly divided cells to be completely replaced through the tissue: • Skin is about 27 days. • Oral cavity is about 14 days.

Answer 7

Thin, acellular structure Located between the epithelium and connective tissues

Answer 8

1. Lamina Lucida (clear layer) Basal Lamina 2. Lamina Densa (dense layer) Lamina, Basal 3. Reticular Lamina (contains collagen and reticular fibers)

Answer 9

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE • The functions of connective tissue are varied depending on the type: - connects, supports, protects, provides frameworks, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, provides protection against infection and helps repair tissues. Cells are usually some distance apart and have considerable amount of matrix between them consisting of fibers and intercellular substance.

Answer 10

MAJOR CELL TYPES • Fibroblasts: - Most common cell type found in all CT. - Synthesize certain types of protein fibers and intercellular substances needed to sustain the connective tissue. - Fixed cells (do not leave tissue). • Macrophages (Monocytes) - most common WBC: - Function as phagocytes (ingest bacteria, dead and dying cells). - Important in fighting infections. • Mast Cells (Basophils) - involved in allergic responses: - May release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (increases permeability of WBCs). Usually located near blood vessels.

Answer 11

COLLAGENOUS FIBERS: • Composed of collagen and have great tensile strength. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS: • Composed of microfilaments embedded in protein elastin. This tissue has the ability to stretch and return to its original shape. • Ex: Soft palate. RETICULAR FIBERS: • Composed of the protein reticulin, are very fine, hair like fibres that branch, forming a network in the tissue. • Ex: lymph nodes and spleen.

Answer 12

• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ADIPOSE TISSUE • ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE • RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • CARTILAGE • BONE • HEMOOETIC TISSUE

Answer 13

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Forms thin membranes between organs and binds them together. Serves as protective padding for the deeper structures of the body. Location: beneath the skin (dermis) and between muscles. • Intercellular space contains tissue fluid.

Answer 14

• Aka dense connective tissue • Composed mainly of strong collagenous fibers that bind parts together. • Location: tendons, ligaments, eyes, skin (dermis).

Answer 15

• A specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat, provides a protective cushion and functions as a heat insulator. • Cells packed tightly together with little or no matrix. • Location: beneath the skin (hypodermis), in certain abdominal membranes, oral cavity and around the kidneys, heart and various joints.

Answer 16

• Composed mainly of elastic fibers which combine strength with elasticity. • Gives an elastic quality to the walls of certain hollow internal organs and vocal cords.

Answer 17

• A delicate network of interwoven reticular fires forming a supportive framework. • It supports the walls of blood vessels, internal organs such as the liver and spleen and the lymphatic organs.

Answer 18

Provides support and framework for various parts and decreases friction. • Intercellular material is composed of mainly collagen fibers and intercellular substance, therefore it is similar to soft connective tissue but the matrix of cartilage is much firmer. • It lacks a direct blood supply and is slow to heal following an injury. • The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the perichondrium, a fibrous connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels.

Answer 19

2 Types of cells found in Cartilage: 1. Chondroblasts: - produce cartilage matrix, lie internal to the perichondrium. 2. Chondrocytes: - mature chondroblasts that maintain the cartilage matrix.

Answer 20

• Lacuna - small spaces surround the chondrocyte within matrix.

Answer 21

1. HYALINE CARTILAGE 2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE 3. FIBROCARTILAGE

Answer 22

HYALINE CARTILAGE • Chondrocytes (mature chondroblasts) are located in lacuna (small space surrounding the chondrocyte) which is surrounded by intercellular material containing very fine collagenous fibers. • All cartilage begins as hyaline cartilage then modifies into other types as needed. • Location: embryonic skeleton and growth centers, mandibular condyle.

Answer 23

ELASTIC CARTILAGI • In addition to many collagen fibers, contain elastic fibers. • Location: external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx. - Nucleus

Answer 24

FIBROCARTILAGE • Is never found alone and merges gradually with its neighbouring hyaline cartilage. • Considered transitional cartilage between hyaline cartilage and the dense connective tissue of tendons and ligaments. • Cells are enclosed in capsules of matrix giving it great tensile strength. • Serves as a shock absorber and a protective cushion. • Location: intervertebral discs, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and TMJ.

Answer 25

BONE • Rigid connective tissue that constitutes most of the mature skeleton. • Bone matrix contains mineral salts and collagen. • Cells are arranged in concentric circles around osteonic canals and are interconnected by canaliculi (cytoplasmic processes), which allows interaction between osteocytes (mature osteoblasts). • Bone tissue heals rapidly, highly vascularized. • Manufactures blood cells via red bone marrow and stores calcium and other minerals. • Provides an internal support for body structures and protects vital parts in the cranial and thoracic cavities. • Serves as an attachment for muscles. Q Search ENG US

Answer 26

Osteogenic Cells: • Stem cells which will differentiate into osteoblasts. • Located on the inner layer of periosteum (double-layered dense connective tissue sheath). Osteoblasts: • Typical blast cell that produces protein components of bone matrix, builds bone. Osteocytes: • Mature osteoblasts trapped in the bone matrix within the lacunae. Osteoclasts: • Bone-resorbing cell located in Howship's lacunae (shallow pits caused by resorption).

Answer 27

Osteon: • The unit of structure in compact bone and consists of 5 to 20 lamellae. Haversian Canal: • Central vascular canal within each osteon surrounded by the lamellae. • Runs longitudinally and that contains nerves and blood vessels. • Provides nutrition for the bone. Volkmann's Canal: • Same as Haversian canal except it runs obliquely or at right angles to the Haversian canals of the osteons and large blood vessels. • Located on the outer portion of the Haversian system. Lamellae: • Organized arrangement of concentric sheets (like the growth rings in a cross section of a tree.

Answer 28

Lacuna - surround osteocytes: • Spaces between lamellae (sheets) where osteocytes are imbedded. Canaliculi: • Tubular canals radiating from the lacuna into the lamella where cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes are located. Sharpey's Fibers: Serve to anchor periosteum firmly to bone. Periosteum: • Double layered, dense connective tissue sheath, outer layer contains blood vessels and nerves and inner layer contains single layer of osteoblasts (bone growth).

Answer 29

Development of bone. 2 methods of growth, same result. 1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS: • Formation of osteoid (young, unmineralized bone) within 2 dense connective tissue sheets which eventually replaces the outer connective tissue. Uses appositional growth (layers). • Occurs in fontanelles (soft infant skull spots), maxilla, majority of the mandible. **OSSIFICATION** 2) ENDOCHONDRAL: • Formation of osteoid within a hyaline cartilage. • Uses interstitial growth from pre-existing cartilaginous model, later appositional growth of osteoid occurs to complete the process. Occurs in long bones (it is how we grow taller), vertebrae, ribs, head of mandible, base of skull.

Answer 30

(Primary Bone): • First bone produced by either method. • Indistinct lamellae. • Irregular arrangement of collagen fibers. • Many cells present.

Answer 31

MATURE BONE (Secondary Bone): • Replaces primary bone. • Distinct lamellae • Very organized arrangement of collagen fibers. • Fewer cells.

Answer 32

BLOOD: • Fluid connective tissue that transports cellular nutrients, such as respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as metabolites for the entire body. • Specialized because it does not contain fibers. • Red and white blood cells in plasma. • Cells are formed by a special tissue in the hollow parts of certain bones (bone marrow).

Answer 33

RED BLOOD CELLS: • Biconcave disc, no nucleus, 1/3 is hemoglobin. • Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Answer 34

Platelets (thrombocytes): • Smaller than RBC, no nucleus, disc shaped. • Helps control blood loss from broken vessels by functioning in clotting mechanism.

Answer 35

Neutrophil (PM, polymorphonuclear leukocyte): destroys small particles by phagocytosis, 1st to arrive to the site of injury, acute, inflammatory response is triggered, especially with phagocytosis.

Answer 36

Neutrophil (PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte): destroys small particles by phagocytosis, 1st to arrive to the site of injury, acute, inflammatory response is triggered, especially with phagocytosis.

Answer 37

Eosinophil - kills bacteria and helps control inflammation and allergic reactions.

Answer 38

Basophil - helps control inflammation and allergic reactions.

Answer 39

Monocytes- contains lysosomal enzymes involved in destroying particles by phagocytosis, later stages of inflammation.

Answer 40

Lymphocytes - mechanism of immunity, chronic. B cells, T cells and NK cells (natural killers).

Answer 41

Mast Cells - allergic response, contains heparin and histamine.

Answer 42

Muscle tissue is contractile tissue that moves parts attached to it. Three types of muscle tissue: 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac

Answer 43

PHO ) Welcome | Public H... outlook Edulink Focus Music for Wo... ½ Examsoft: Apps V Exam Taker Port 77 186 | - 100% • Voluntary muscle. • This tissue is attached to bones and is controlled by conscious effort. • Cells (muscle fibers) are long and threadlike wi alternating light and dark cross-markings (striations). • Muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) are composed of myofibers which are composed of smaller myofibrils which in turn are composed of even smaller myofiliaments. • Muscle fibers contract when stimulated by nerve action, then relax immediately.

Answer 44

• Found in walls of hollow internal organs, glands, and linings of blood vessels. • Controlled by involuntary activity.

Answer 45

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE • This tissue is found only in the heart. • Cells are joined by intercalated discs and arranged in branched, interconnecting networks. • Cardiac muscle tissue is controlled by involuntary activity.

Answer 46

4. NERVE TISSUE • Nerve tissue forms the nervous system in the body. • It is found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. • Nerves function to carry messages or impulses based on electrical potentials.

Answer 47

NEURON: Cell of the nervous system. DENDRITES: Processes that lead impulses to the cell body. AXON: Process that leads impulses away from the cell body. BODY: Metabolic processes of the cell, not part of transmission of impulses. NERVE: Neural processes in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). SYNAPSE: Neural impulses between 2 neurons or a neuron and an effector organ (muscle or a gland). GANGLION: Aggregation (grouping) of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

Answer 48

• Sensitive to change and respond by transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or to other body parts. • They function in coordinating and regulating body activities.

Answer 49

**AFFERENT VS EFFERENT NERVES** AFFERENT (SENSORY) NERVE: • Carries information from the PS to the CNS (like pain and taste). EFFERENT (MOTOR) NERVE (AUTONOMIC): • Carries information from the CNS to the PNS.

Lecture 2 Basic Tissue Flashcards

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