Lecture 2 - Body Design

Question 1

…% of Earth’s environment is Marine

Answer 1

71%

-every major invertebrate phyla has a marine representative

Question 2

Animals have to solve the following four problems to survive
…/… , …regulation, … removal, ….

Answer 2

food/oxygen, osmoregulation, waste removal, reproduction

Question 3

Half of all vertebrates are ..

Answer 3

fish

Question 4

The neritic found is found in the first …m of ocean, above the … shelf

Answer 4

200m, continental
-lots of light

-over land

Question 5

The oceanic zone is found away from the .. shelf, the first …m still gets light but it goes very deep, to a point known as the … plain

Answer 5

continental, 200m, abyssal

-not over land

Question 6

Barnacles are crustaceans, living in the … zone

Answer 6

intertidal

Question 7

the intertidal zone is … water at low tide, and … in high tide

Answer 7

above, below

Question 8

The Epipalegic zone is the upper most part of the … zone

Answer 8

ocean

Question 9

Epaulette sharks are …

Answer 9

cool

• also go rock pool to rockpool with their strong pectoral fins
• they can just walk back to water, often in the mouth of birds of prey unfortunately

Question 10

Epaulette sharks can also switch off their .. nerves, only leaving … nerves which allows them to cope with … conditions if not at sea

Answer 10

motor, sensory

Question 11

Coral reefs are found in tropical waters … shelf

Answer 11

continental

Question 12

in some coral reefs sea anemones and algae form a … relationship

Answer 12

symbiotic

-sunlight is needed for photosynthesis still though

Question 13

Light … and runoff’ may pose threats to coral reefs, the additional … from runoff can be very harmful

Answer 13

pollution, nutrients

Question 14

The photic zone is up to …m below light can’t get through

Answer 14

200m

Question 15

The twilight zone is 200-….m deep

Answer 15

1000m

-like little to no light here

Question 16

The deeper you go, … raises yet … drops

Answer 16

pressure, temperature

Question 17

Marine snow refers to … material falling onto deep ocean

This is a key feed strategy deep down, as photosynthesis isn’t possible. Other, … strategies are also popular

Answer 17

organic, predatory

Question 18

The anglerfish attracts prey with its huge .. on its head, this … is formed by … in a wonderful example of symbiosis

Answer 18

light, light, bacteria

-mates also find them this way

Question 19

Anglerfish displays sexual dimorphism as the male is small, and acts almost … when joining to female

Answer 19

parasitic

-stops moving, sperm used to reproduce

Question 20

Even porifera can become carnivorous in the deep sea, such as the .. sponge

Answer 20

harp

-usually filter feeders

Question 21

abyssal plain is the deep floor ocean, ….-….m in depth

Answer 21

3000-5000

Question 22

trenches in abyssal plain may go as deep as ….m (… trench), a species known as … live here

Answer 22

11,000, mariana, snailfish

Question 23

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are caused by … drift, release chemicals that allows life

Answer 23

continental

Question 24

pelagic species are ..

Answer 24

swimming

-related to open sea

Question 25

benthic species live on the … of ..

Answer 25

bottom, sediment | -can be on continental slope or abyssal plain

Question 26

errant species are ..

Answer 26

mobile

Question 27

sessile species are ...

Answer 27

attached

Question 28

errant species are ...

Answer 28

mobile | -only example can find is Errantia, a type of Polychaete worm

Question 29

sedentary species are … yet ..

Answer 29

immobile, unattached

Question 30

The sea allows high … due to its large size

Answer 30

productivity, but most confined to upper areas

Question 31

Biomass … from shore to open water

Answer 31

reduces

Question 32

Biomass decreases towards tropics, as the … water temperature leads to … productivity

Answer 32

constant, lower -to do with the lack of mixing, different temperatures cause more mixing due to thermal interaction (not official term I just made that up be warned)

Question 33

Water is denser when it is … and more ...

Answer 33

colder, saline

Question 34

The marine environment is pretty …, with salinity levels of …%, … levels, and … marine allows waste to be released as … lots of marine species are osmoconformers, meaning they're …. with the environment (eg hagfish)

Answer 34

constant , oxygen , temperature ammonia, isosmotic -few weirds who descended from freshwater though

Question 35

Sharks also are osmoconformers, but must release waste as ...

Answer 35

urea

Question 36

Largest animals are in oceans, sperm whale is ...m while Giant squid … The buoyancy of seawater allows this, the density of it offers ..

Answer 36

15m, 18m,support

Question 37

… fertilisation is possible in marine environments

Answer 37

external | -can swim in environments

Question 38

Freshwater environments have a … constant temperature than marine, requiring .. regulation turbidity, velocity and volume can also change due to ../… cycles

Answer 38

less, osmotic | , freeze/dry

Question 39

The three layers of freshwater are the …., thermocline and ...

Answer 39

epilimnion, hypolimnion - epilimnion upper layer - hypolimnion deep dense layer, less oxygen and lower temperature

Question 40

freshwater species often have … development, eggs … to parent or a ..

Answer 40

direct, retained, substrate | -skipping larval stage

Question 41

freshwater at ...c is most dense

Answer 41

4C

Question 42

In freshwater communities, summer temperatures have more … compared to winters

Answer 42

variance

Question 43

Estuarine environments are a constantly changing environment of … and … Salinity below …%. Also it's a very productive environment as it is close to ..

Answer 43

marine/freshwater 3.5, land

Question 44

Estuarine environments have a mixture of … and .. species

Answer 44

freshwater, marine | -waste produced as ammonia

Question 45

Terrestrial environments have daily/seasonal temperature .. Oxygen is constant, but needs … surface, water loss is frequent, but there isn't … for organisms Organisms use … fertilisation and release urea/…. acid as waste

Answer 45

extremes, moist, support (aka like buoyancy), internal, uric

Question 46

Large animals have a lower .. ratio

Answer 46

sa/v

Question 47

Free moving animals are … symmetrical

Answer 47

bilaterally (cephalisation) -cut a frog evenly you gotta do it one way

Question 48

Cephalisation is a large concentration of .. tissue

Answer 48

nervous

Question 49

Ventral side is the …, dorsal the ..

Answer 49

front, back

Question 50

Attached/sedentary animals are ... symmetrical

Answer 50

radially | -even no matter how you slice it

Question 51

Examples of genome constraints include no flying ... despite them being the second largest group of animals, this is due to a ... body plan

Answer 51

molluscs, conserved