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APS272 - Animal Diversity > Lecture 2 - Body Design > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Body Design Flashcards

1
Q

…% of Earth’s environment is Marine

A

71%

-every major invertebrate phyla has a marine representative

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2
Q

Animals have to solve the following four problems to survive
…/… , …regulation, … removal, ….

A

food/oxygen, osmoregulation, waste removal, reproduction

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3
Q

Half of all vertebrates are ..

A

fish

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4
Q

The neritic found is found in the first …m of ocean, above the … shelf

A

200m, continental
-lots of light

-over land

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5
Q

The oceanic zone is found away from the .. shelf, the first …m still gets light but it goes very deep, to a point known as the … plain

A

continental, 200m, abyssal

-not over land

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6
Q

Barnacles are crustaceans, living in the … zone

A

intertidal

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7
Q

the intertidal zone is … water at low tide, and … in high tide

A

above, below

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8
Q

The Epipalegic zone is the upper most part of the … zone

A

ocean

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9
Q

Epaulette sharks are …

A

cool

  • also go rock pool to rockpool with their strong pectoral fins
  • they can just walk back to water, often in the mouth of birds of prey unfortunately
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10
Q

Epaulette sharks can also switch off their .. nerves, only leaving … nerves which allows them to cope with … conditions if not at sea

A

motor, sensory

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11
Q

Coral reefs are found in tropical waters … shelf

A

continental

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12
Q

in some coral reefs sea anemones and algae form a … relationship

A

symbiotic

-sunlight is needed for photosynthesis still though

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13
Q

Light … and runoff’ may pose threats to coral reefs, the additional … from runoff can be very harmful

A

pollution, nutrients

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14
Q

The photic zone is up to …m below light can’t get through

A

200m

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15
Q

The twilight zone is 200-….m deep

A

1000m

-like little to no light here

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16
Q

The deeper you go, … raises yet … drops

A

pressure, temperature

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17
Q

Marine snow refers to … material falling onto deep ocean

This is a key feed strategy deep down, as photosynthesis isn’t possible. Other, … strategies are also popular

A

organic, predatory

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18
Q

The anglerfish attracts prey with its huge .. on its head, this … is formed by … in a wonderful example of symbiosis

A

light, light, bacteria

-mates also find them this way

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19
Q

Anglerfish displays sexual dimorphism as the male is small, and acts almost … when joining to female

A

parasitic

-stops moving, sperm used to reproduce

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20
Q

Even porifera can become carnivorous in the deep sea, such as the .. sponge

A

harp

-usually filter feeders

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21
Q

abyssal plain is the deep floor ocean, ….-….m in depth

A

3000-5000

22
Q

trenches in abyssal plain may go as deep as ….m (… trench), a species known as … live here

A

11,000, mariana, snailfish

23
Q

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are caused by … drift, release chemicals that allows life

A

continental

24
Q

pelagic species are ..

A

swimming

-related to open sea

25
Q

benthic species live on the … of ..

A

bottom, sediment

-can be on continental slope or abyssal plain

26
Q

errant species are ..

A

mobile

27
Q

sessile species are …

A

attached

28
Q

errant species are …

A

mobile

-only example can find is Errantia, a type of Polychaete worm

29
Q

sedentary species are … yet ..

A

immobile, unattached

30
Q

The sea allows high … due to its large size

A

productivity, but most confined to upper areas

31
Q

Biomass … from shore to open water

A

reduces

32
Q

Biomass decreases towards tropics, as the … water temperature leads to … productivity

A

constant, lower
-to do with the lack of mixing, different temperatures cause more mixing due to thermal interaction (not official term I just made that up be warned)

33
Q

Water is denser when it is … and more …

A

colder, saline

34
Q

The marine environment is pretty …, with salinity levels of …%, … levels, and …

marine allows waste to be released as …

lots of marine species are osmoconformers, meaning they’re …. with the environment (eg hagfish)

A

constant , oxygen , temperature
ammonia, isosmotic

-few weirds who descended from freshwater though

35
Q

Sharks also are osmoconformers, but must release waste as …

A

urea

36
Q

Largest animals are in oceans, sperm whale is …m while Giant squid …
The buoyancy of seawater allows this, the density of it offers ..

A

15m, 18m,support

37
Q

… fertilisation is possible in marine environments

A

external

-can swim in environments

38
Q

Freshwater environments have a … constant temperature than marine, requiring .. regulation

turbidity, velocity and volume can also change due to ../… cycles

A

less, osmotic

, freeze/dry

39
Q

The three layers of freshwater are the …., thermocline and …

A

epilimnion, hypolimnion

  • epilimnion upper layer
  • hypolimnion deep dense layer, less oxygen and lower temperature
40
Q

freshwater species often have … development, eggs … to parent or a ..

A

direct, retained, substrate

-skipping larval stage

41
Q

freshwater at …c is most dense

A

4C

42
Q

In freshwater communities, summer temperatures have more … compared to winters

A

variance

43
Q

Estuarine environments are a constantly changing environment of … and …

Salinity below …%. Also it’s a very productive environment as it is close to ..

A

marine/freshwater

3.5, land

44
Q

Estuarine environments have a mixture of … and .. species

A

freshwater, marine

-waste produced as ammonia

45
Q

Terrestrial environments have daily/seasonal temperature ..

Oxygen is constant, but needs … surface, water loss is frequent, but there isn’t … for organisms

Organisms use … fertilisation and release urea/…. acid as waste

A

extremes, moist, support (aka like buoyancy), internal, uric

46
Q

Large animals have a lower .. ratio

A

sa/v

47
Q

Free moving animals are … symmetrical

A

bilaterally (cephalisation)

-cut a frog evenly you gotta do it one way

48
Q

Cephalisation is a large concentration of .. tissue

A

nervous

49
Q

Ventral side is the …, dorsal the ..

A

front, back

50
Q

Attached/sedentary animals are … symmetrical

A

radially

-even no matter how you slice it

51
Q

Examples of genome constraints include no flying … despite them being the second largest group of animals, this is due to a … body plan

A

molluscs, conserved

APS272 - Animal Diversity (3 decks)

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