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Microbiology > Lecture 2: Chemical Properties (Chapter 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Chemical Properties (Chapter 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter which can partake in a chemical reaction?

A

Atom

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2
Q

An ________ is composed of one type of atom

A

element

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3
Q

A __________ is formed when 2 or more atoms join together

A

molecule

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4
Q

`An atom that looses an electron will have a _____ _____ _____

A

net positive charge

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5
Q

When an atom gains an electron it will have a ___ ________ ______

A

net negative charge

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6
Q

When an atom has an overall positive or an overall negative charge it is no longer neutral and is referred to as an ______

A

ion

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7
Q

_____ _____form in between atoms when electrons in their outer shells interact with one another

A

Chemical bonds

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8
Q

Every atom wants to achieve chemical stability and they do this by filling their outermost shell with _____

A

electrons

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9
Q

Atoms achieve a full complement of how many electrons to form molecules?

A

8

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10
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds found in living organisms?

A

covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

_____ bonds are very strong bonds

A

Covalent

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12
Q

_____ bonds are formed when two atoms come together and share electrons within their outer shell

A

Covalent

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13
Q

Water is formed as a result of _____ bonds in between Hydrogen and Oxygen

A

Covalent

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14
Q

_____ bonds form as a result of the attractive force in between ions of opposite charge

A

Ionic

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15
Q

Which bonds are weaker; ionic or covalent?

A

Ionic

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16
Q

Attractive force holds the two atoms together in a(n) _____ bond

A

Ionic

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17
Q

_____ bonds form when Hydrogen is covalently bound to oxygen or another electron loving molecule such as nitrogen

A

Hydrogen

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18
Q

molecules that contain unequal sharing of electrons are _____ _____

A

Polar molecules

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19
Q

Which is the weakest of the three bonds?

A

Hydrogen

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20
Q

_____ bonds result in networks of molecules of different molecules

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

Organic compounds are compounds which contain _____

A

Carbon

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22
Q

Inorganic compounds are compounds which do not contain _____

A

Carbon

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23
Q

The most important inorganic molecule found in living systems is _____

A

water

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24
Q

_____ is an Excellent Solvent

A

Water

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25
Q

the ions (Na+, Cl-) remain dissolved in the water and form a _____

A

solution

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26
Q

Every water molecule can form _____ Hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

A

four

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27
Q

Water is a great _____ _____ because of its strong hydrogen bonds

A

temperature buffer

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28
Q

Water is easily split into its component ions ___ and ___

A

H+, OH-

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29
Q

The four outer electrons of Carbon allow it to form four _____ bonds with a large number of different atoms

A

four

30
Q

name four major classes of organic compounds found in living thing

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Lipids
4) Nucleic Acids

31
Q

__________ are an energy source that is immediately utilizable by cells

A

Carbohydrates

32
Q

_____ are polar compounds, therefore they dissolve in water

A

Carbohydrates

33
Q

All _____ contain the elements C, H and O (usually in a C1H2O1 ratio)

A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

Name the three types of carbohydrates

A

1) Monosaccharides
mono=1, saccharide-sugar

2)Disaccharides
di=2

3)Polysaccharides (often non soluble)
poly-many

35
Q

The ____ group includes fats, complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids

A

Lipids

36
Q

_____ are used as a means of energy storage

A

lipids

37
Q

_____ are essential to the structure and function of membranes

A

lipids

38
Q

_____ are non-polar therefore they don’t interact with water because they are hydrophobic (water hating)

A

lipids

39
Q

____ are composed of a glycerol molecule plus one to three fatty acids

A

fats

40
Q

Monoacylglycerides are?

A

glycerol plus one fatty acid

41
Q

Diacylglycerides are?

A

glycerol plus two fatty acids

42
Q

Triacylglycerides are?

A

glycerol plus three fatty acids

43
Q

Fatty acids can either be _____ or _____.

A

Saturated, unsaturated

Saturated:No double bonds, saturated with hydrogen atoms

unsaturated: Has at least one double bond, fewer hydrogen atoms

44
Q

_____ are found in membranes of living cells and are the primary component of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic plasma membranes

A

Phospholipids

45
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipids that include glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

46
Q

These lipids are structurally distinct from other lipids and have a four ring structure

A

steroids

47
Q

Cholesterol and vitamin d are examples of _____

A

steroids

48
Q

_____ are composed of individual units called amino acids

A

Proteins

49
Q

All amino acids and thus protein are composed of _____, _____, _____._____(some also have sulfur)

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

50
Q

Each amino acid has on _____ group (NH2), a _____ group (COOH) and a _____ group (-R) which is different on each amino acid

A

amino (NH2), carboxyl (COOH), side (-R)

51
Q

The side group –R determines the _____ _____ of the amino acid

A

chemical properties

52
Q

The individual amino acids are joined together by _____ _____ which are covalent bonds

A

peptide bonds

53
Q

Short chains of amino acids are called _____

A

peptides

54
Q

Long chains of amino acids are called _____ which are proteins

A

polypeptides

55
Q

The specific amino acid sequence is important in determining the _____ of the protein

A

shape

56
Q

_____ _____ are made up of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

57
Q

what are the three components of nucleotides?

A

1) Nitrogenous Base:
i) Purines
ii) Pyrimidines

2) Pentose Sugar
3) Phosphate Group

58
Q

Purines contain 2 rings and have two types. What are they?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

59
Q

Pyrimidines contain 1 ring and have three types, what are they?

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

60
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

61
Q

DNA or RNA: composed of deoxyribose sugar

A

DNA

62
Q

DNA or RNA: composed of ribose sugar

A

RNA

63
Q

DNA or RNA: doubled stranded with each strand

held together by hydrogen bonds

A

DNA

64
Q

DNA or RNA: single stranded

A

RNA

65
Q

DNA or RNA: forms a double helix

A

DNA

66
Q

DNA or RNA: is what genes are composed of

A

DNA

67
Q

DNA or RNA: involved in communicating the

instructions of the other

A

RNA

68
Q

DNA or RNA: The order of the nucleotide sequence

is very specific and forming the genetic instructions for the organism

A

DNA

69
Q

DNA or RNA: made of nucleotides A, C, T, G

A

DNA

70
Q

DNA or RNA: made of nucleotides A, C, U, G

A

RNA

Microbiology (6 decks)

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