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Biology 1 > Lecture 2: Chemistry Comes To Life > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Chemistry Comes To Life Flashcards

1
Q

Matter is

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Matter is made up of

A

Elements

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3
Q

Elements are

A

Substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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4
Q

A compound is

A

A substance consisting of 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio

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5
Q

Compounds have

A

Characteristics (emergent properties) different from those of its elements

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6
Q

Atoms are

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element (neutral)

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7
Q

Atoms are composed of

A

Subatomic particles- neutrons, protons, electrons

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8
Q

Charge of Neutrons

A

Neutral

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9
Q

Charge of protons

A

Positive

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10
Q

Charge of electrons

A

Negative

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11
Q

What forms the atomic nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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12
Q

Electrons form

A

A “cloud” around nucleus

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13
Q

An element’s atomic number is

A

The number of protons in its nucleus

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14
Q

An element’s mass number equals

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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15
Q

Atomic mass is

A

An atom’s total mass, can be approximated by mass number

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16
Q

All atoms of an element have the same number of _______, but may differ in number of _______.

A

Protons; neutrons

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17
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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18
Q

Unstable isotopes emit

A

Radiation to regain a stable state

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19
Q

Radioactive tracers are

A

Used to track atoms through metabolism

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20
Q

Valence electrons are

A

Electrons in the outermost shell

21
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell

22
Q

Chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by

A

Number of valence electrons

23
Q

Elements in a full valence shell are

A

Chemically inert

24
Q

Chemically inert

A

Not reactive

25
Q

Orbital

A

3 dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

26
Q

How many electrons can a single orbital contain?

A

2

27
Q

In an orbital, atoms

A

Interact in a way that completes their valence shells

28
Q

Atoms with incomplete valence shells can

A

Share or transfer electrons with certain other atoms

29
Q

Chemical bonds are

A

Attractions that hold atoms together when they share or transfer valence electrons.

30
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

31
Q

What is the strongest chemical bond?

A

Covalent bond

32
Q

In a covalent bond, shared electrons

A

Count as part of each atom’s valence shell

33
Q

Single covalent bond is

A

A sharing of one pair of valence electrons

34
Q

Double covalent bond is

A

A sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

35
Q

Electronegativity is

A

Atom’s attraction for electrons in a covalent bond

36
Q

The more electronegative an atom is,

A

The more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

37
Q

In a nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Atoms share electrons equally

38
Q

Polar covalent bonds are when

A

One atom is more electronegative, and atoms do not share electrons equally

39
Q

In a polar covalent bond unequal sharing of electrons

A

Causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

40
Q

In Ionic bonds

A

Atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners.

41
Q

Ions are

A

The two resulting oppositely charged atoms or molecules from an ionic bond

42
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

43
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

44
Q

When do Hydrogen bonds form?

A

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonds to one electronegative atom and is also attracted to another electronegative atom

45
Q

Hydrogen atoms have

A

A partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom with a partial negative charge nearby

46
Q

Van der Waals Interactions are

A

Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

47
Q

Van der Waals interactions explaination

A

If electrons are not evenly distributed, they may accumulate by chance in one part of a molecule

48
Q

In chemical reactions, the greater the concentration of reactant molecules,

A

The more frequently they collide with one another and form products

As products accumulate, collisions resulting in reverse reactions become more frequent

49
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

Eventually, forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, and relative concentrations of products and reactants stop changing

Concentrations aren’t equal

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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