Lecture 2/Chp 3,4

Question 1

What are some unusual prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Star-shaped

Rectangular

Question 2

What are some bacterial arrangements?

Answer 2

Pairs
Diplococci or diploma ills

Clusters
Staphylococci

Chains
Streptococci
Streptobacilli

Question 3

Name the common bacterial structures?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane
Gas vacuole
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Nucleoid
Periplasmic space
Cell wall
Capsules and slime layers
Fimbriae and slime layers
Flagella
Endospores

Question 4

Gas vacuole function?

Answer 4

Inclusion providing bouyancy

Question 5

Cell wall functions?

Answer 5

Protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape

Question 6

Capsules and slime layer functions?

Answer 6

Resistance to phag and adherence to surfaces

Question 7

Film rise and pili functions?

Answer 7

Attachment to surfaces 
Conjugation
Transformation
Twitching
Gliding

Question 8

Flagella functions?

Answer 8

Swimming

Swarming

Question 9

Endospore functions?

Answer 9

Survival under harsh environmental conditions

Question 10

What are the components of the Bacterial Cell Envelope?

Answer 10

Plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Layered outside cell wall

Question 11

Explain the differences in cell membranes of bacterial and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 11

Bacteria do not contain cholesterol

Bacteria have hopaniods
1. Cholesterol like

Infoldings are present

Question 12

How is the chemical relationship different in Bacteria/Eukaryotic lipids vs Archaea?

Answer 12

Bacteria and Eukaryotic lipids in the cell membrane have ester bonds= ROOC

Archaea have ether bonds
ROR
1. Bilayer is C20= diethers
2. Monolayer is C40= tetraethers

Question 13

Inclusions functions?

Answer 13

Granules of organic or inorganic material storage for future use.

Question 14

What some examples of inclusions?

Answer 14

Metabolic nutrients
Glycogen
Carbon
Phospage= Volutin
Amino Acids= cyanophycin
Sulfur
Iron=Magnetosomes
1. Cytoskeletal protein Mamk for chains

Gas vacuoles

Question 15

Microcompartments examples?

Answer 15

Carboxysomes
1. CO2 fixing bacteria
2. Fibulae-1-5-bisphosphate carboxylate
(Rubisco)

Question 16

What are the 3 eukaryotic cytoskeletal homologous in bacteria?

Answer 16

FtsZ=microtubule
Cell Divison

MreB=microfliament
Cell shape, my be involved in chromosome segregation

CreS=Intermediate filament
Induces curvature in curved rods

Question 17

What are the 3 parts to Bacteria flagella?

Answer 17

Filament
Hook
Basal Body

Question 18

How do Flagella help bacteria move?

Answer 18

For liquid movement it is a helicopter.

For viscous movement
It is spirochete

Solid surfaces
Twitching
Gliding

Question 19

What are spores resistance to?

Answer 19

Heat
Radiation
Chemicals
Desiccation

Question 20

What protein makes spores resistant?

Answer 20

Keratin

Question 21

What are the basic shapes of microbes?

Answer 21

Bacillus= rods
Coccus= spherical
Spiral
1. Spirillum= one or more twists
2. Vibrio= curved rod
3. Spirochete=flexible, helical spirals

Question 22

Why is large surface/volume ratio good?

Answer 22

The uptake of nutrients and the diffusion of becomes more efficient.

Lead to rapid growth rate.

Question 23

What is anaerobic ammonia oxidation?

Answer 23

Nitrogen fixation

Question 24

What ribosome units do bacteria and archer a have?

Answer 24

70S
30 and 50

Small subunit 30=16S
Large subunit 50=23S and 5S

Question 25

How does DNA condense in bacteria?

Answer 25

Supercoiling because of a lack of histones.

Question 26

What are some properties of Plasmids?

Answer 26

Extra chromosomal DNA 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Fungi Closed circular Replicates independently 1. Episodes may integrate into chromosome 2. Inherited during cell division Confer advantage to host

Question 27

What are the types of plasmids?

Answer 27

Conjugative= transfer DNA R Plasmids= resistance Col. Plasmids=produce bacteriocins destroy's related species Virulence Plasmids= Virulence Metabolic Plasmids=Carry genes for enzymes

Question 28

Bacterial Cell Wall's are made of what and how?

Answer 28

Peptidoglycan=Murien Two alternating sugars 1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) 2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Alternating D/L amino acids Strands are crossed linked Helical shape

Question 29

What else to Gram-Positive Cell Wall have?

Answer 29

``` Trichroic acids Negatively charge 1. Maintain cell envelope 2. Protection 3. Bind host ```

Question 30

Explain what exoenzymes are?

Answer 30

Gram-positive bacterial proteins aid in degradation of large nutrients

Question 31

Why are Gram-Negative Cell Walls more complex?

Answer 31

Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane Have LPS No trichroic acids Braun's LPS connect outer membrane to pep

Question 32

LPS components?

Answer 32

Lipid A= Endotoxins Core polysaccharide O side chain= O antigen Contributes to neg charge Contribute to biofilm Protection via O antigen

Question 33

Why is the Gram Neg Outer Membrane more permeable?

Answer 33

Porin proteins and transporters

Question 34

What is Plasmolysis?

Answer 34

Cell wall and Plasma membrane come apart in a hypertonic environment

Question 35

Instead of peptidoglycan what do Archaeal cell walls have?

Answer 35

Pseudopeptidoglycan

Question 36

What are the outermost components of the cell wall?

Answer 36

Glycocalyx 1. Capsules and slime layers 2. S. Layers

Question 37

What is special about S layers?

Answer 37

Potential use in nanotechnology They spontaneously associate

Question 38

What sex pili required for?

Answer 38

Conjugation

Question 39

What function does Fimbriae have?

Answer 39

Twitching motility or gliding motility

Question 40

What function does Flagella have?

Answer 40

Motility Swarming Attachment Virulence

Question 41

What are the parts of a Flagella?

Answer 41

Filament= cell surface to tip Hook= links filament to basal body Basal Body= series of rings that drive flagellar motor

Question 42

Explain bacterial flagellar movement patterns?

Answer 42

Counterclockwise causes forward motion Clockwise causes a stop and tumble

Question 43

What is the flagellar movement mechanism?

Answer 43

EMF of proton [H] gradient concentration through the MotB MotA protein channel.

Question 44

List some components of the Endospore structure?

Answer 44

Surrounded by exosporium Thick protein layers form spore coat Cortex beneath of thick pep Core has nucleotide/ribosomes

Question 45

What makes an Endospore resistant?

Answer 45

Calcium w/dipicolinic acid Small, acid soluble, DNA-binding proteins (SASPs) Dehydrated core Spore coat and Exopsorium DNA repair enzymes