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Neuroscience Exam 2: Nastassia > Lecture 2: Cutaneous Sensation: Touch and Pain > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cutaneous Sensation: Touch and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

How are cutaneous sensory fibers similar to other sensory fibers?

A
  • some are encapsulated with specialized endings
  • some are free nerve ending
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2
Q

How do neurons differ from each other?

A

by shape of protein

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3
Q

Most receptors of the somatosensory system are what kind of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to what?

A

acidic substances

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5
Q

Nociceptors respond to what?

A

potential damaging stimuli

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6
Q

What mechanoreceptors are myelinated?

A
  1. SA1 (Merkel cell)
  2. RA (Meisssner corpuscle)
  3. SA2 (Ruffini corpuscle)
  4. PC (Pacinian corpuscle)
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7
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is unmyelinated?

A

RA (free nerve ending)

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8
Q

What is the role of perception of each of the mechanoreceptors?

A
  1. SA1: pressure, form, texture
  2. RA: flutter, motion
  3. SA2: stretch
  4. PC: vibration
  5. RA (nerve ending): pressure; any touch on skin
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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors are mostly what type of fiber?

A

beta

RA (nerve ending) is the only one that is not beta

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10
Q

Somatosensory is absent in what type of patients? Why?

A

burn patients because they do not have Merkel and free nerve endings

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11
Q

What do receptors code?

A
  • modality
  • spatial location
  • stimulus duration
  • intensity
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12
Q

The greater the touch = the … channels being open (more or less?)

A

more

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13
Q

Greater 2 point discrimination means what type of index?

A

smaller discrimination index

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14
Q

Less 2 point discrimination means what type of index?

A

higher discrimination index

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15
Q

Where on the body would have a higher discrimination index?

A

arms, legs, torso, back

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16
Q

Where on the body would have a smaller discrimination index?

A

face, lips, nose, fingers

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17
Q

Which adapting receptor keeps firing as long as you’re holding something?

A

slowly adapting

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18
Q

Which adapting receptor only responds to a change in the stimulus?

A

rapidly adapting

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19
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are rapid adapting?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Meissner’s corpuscle
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20
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are slow adapting?

A
  • Merkel’s discs
  • Ruffini’s ending
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21
Q

What type of fibers come from the dorsal?

A

sensory fibers

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22
Q

Which tract in the dorsal column/Medial lemniscal system is responsible for the lower body?

A

gracile tract

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23
Q

Which tract in the dorsal column/Medial lemniscal system is responsible for the upper body?

A

cuneate tract

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24
Q

Where do the cuneate and gracile tracts cross?

A

internal arcuate fibers

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25
Q

What is the base of the brainstem and the location of where the tracts synapse?

A

caudal medulla

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26
Q

Is the upper or lower part of the spinal cord responsible for the lateral portion of the body?

A

upper

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27
Q

The post. dorsal column is responsible for what in the lemniscal system?

A

touch, pressure, vibration

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28
Q

The lateral column is responsible for what in the lemniscal system?

A

pain, temp.

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29
Q

Is the upper or lower part of the spinal cord responsible for the medial portion of the body?

A

lower

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30
Q

Where is touch info. carried in?

A

in the medial lemniscus

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31
Q

What is the difference between VPMN and VPLN?

A
  • VPMN= ventral posterior medial nucleus
  • VPLN= ventral posterior lateral nucleus
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32
Q

Where is info. integrated?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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33
Q

What is the path of segregation of somatosensory info in the cells?

A

cell body -> dorsal horn -> post. column

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34
Q

Where does the info synapse in the lemniscal system?

A

in the VPLN

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35
Q

The somatosensory cortex is located in what lobe?

A

parietal

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36
Q

Is VPLN or VPMN for the body?

A

VPLN

lateral= lotion/body

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37
Q

Is VPLN or VPMN for the face?

A

VPMN

medial= makeup/face

38
Q

What is the pathway for the trigemino-thalmic-cortical (face recognition)?

A
  1. cranial nerve carries face info. to trigeminal neuron
  2. trigeminal neuron info. comes through ganglion
  3. info. synapses and crosses immediately
  4. goes to trigeminal lemniscus and VPMN
  5. ends in somatosensory cortex
39
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

slice of skin that one spinal/brainstem cranial nerve root carries info from

40
Q

How do dermatomes develop?

A

on an embryological level

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the somatosensory cortex?

A
  • has plasticity
  • has discriminate touch, pain, prociception
42
Q

What determines how big nuclei are?

A

density of info.

43
Q

What si responsible for pain, prociception, and touch in the ventral post. complex?

A

postcentral gyrus

44
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

representation of how much brain processing area there is for each body part

45
Q

What thermoreceptors are free nerve ending?

A

both warm and cold

46
Q

What are the fiber types of the thermoreceptors?

A
  • warm: C
  • cold: A delta (acute pain)
47
Q

Which nociceptors are free nerve ending?

A

both small,unmyelinated and unmyelinated

48
Q

What are the fiber types for the nociceptors?

A
  • small, myleinated: A delta (acute pain)
  • unmyleinated: C (warm/dull pain)
49
Q

What is the role of perception of the nociceptors?

A
  • small, myelinated: sharp, localized pain
  • unmyelinated: burning
50
Q

What is an example of an acute pain?

A

initial sting from a bee

51
Q

What is an example of a dull/throbbing pain?

A

long lasting pain after a bee sting

52
Q

Are all A dekta and C fibers nociceptors?

A

NO

53
Q

What is an example of how temp and pain can be carried by the same fibers?

A

capsaicin

54
Q

What does capsaicin do?

A

binds to VR-1 receptor to allow Ca and NA to start signaling

55
Q

Discriminitive touch stays on the same side as what column?

A

posterior

56
Q

What is an example of how discriminitive touch relate to pain signaling?

A

person with right spinal cord lesion loses discriminitive touch on right side, but loses response to temp on left side

57
Q

At the spinal cord, where does pain signal come in and where does it cross?

A

comes in at dorsal horn and crosses at ant. white commissure and goes to opposite side

58
Q

What is the ant. commissure in the spinal cord?

A

small bundle of fibers connecting 2 hemispheres in the brain

59
Q

What is the ant. white commissure in the spinal cord?

A

where nociceptive info. is processed

60
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract?

A

where the pain signal will ascend once int he dorsal horn and cross at multiple levels to help preserve nociceptive info. after an injury

61
Q

What is the pathway of the pain signal?

A

comes in at dorsal horn -> crosses at ant. white commissure -> goes to anterolateral tract -> enters brainstem -> ends at primary somatic sensory cortex

62
Q

The trigeminal system has what type of info.?

A

info from the face

63
Q

What is the pathway of info. from the face?

A

comes in from pons -> drops to medulla -> crosses spinal thalamic tract -> ends at VPMN and primary somatic sensory cortex

64
Q

Will an injury in the medulla lose sensation on one or both sides?

A

both

65
Q

The nociceptic pathway goes through what entire system?

A

limbic

66
Q

The periaquiductal grey is responsible for what?

A

pain control

67
Q

The superior colliculus is responsible for what?

A

attention

68
Q

What is fresponsible to flood the system with histamine and Ach?

A

reticular formation

69
Q

What is the most common referred pain?

A

heart attack

70
Q

What is allodynia?

A

perception of normally non-nocicpetive stimuli being painful

71
Q

Getting a tap on the site of a new shot is an example of what type of sensation a patient can undergo?

A

allodynia

72
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

nociceptive stimuli perceived as being more painful than expected

73
Q

Getting pushed on the arm after getting a shot is an example of what type of sensation a patient can undergo?

A

hyperalgesia

74
Q

What is peripheral sensitization?

A

allodynia/hyperalgesia due ot peripheral mechanisms

75
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

allodynia/hyperalgesia due to central mechanisms

76
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

sensitization of NMDA receptors on spinal interneurons

77
Q

Which type of sensitization delas with perception exaggerated from personal experiences or trauma?

A

central sensitization

78
Q

Where do spinotectal fibers synapse?

A

periaqueductal grey syanpse

79
Q

Where do PAG neurons project?

A

to the raphe nucleus and the lateral tegmental nucleus

80
Q

Raphe nucleus sends what type of projections?

A

serotonergic

81
Q

Lateral tegmental nucleus sends what type of projections?

A

noradrenergic

82
Q

What 2 things activate enkepheline?

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

83
Q

What are the 2 types of pain control in the spinal column?

A

gated/descending and local

84
Q

What is gated/descending control of pain?

A

enkepheline inhibits periaqueductal grey synapse

85
Q

What is local control of pain?

A

A beta fibers are activated to decrease the pain going to the brain

86
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the mechanoreceptor responsible for sensing deep pressure/vibration and its respective adaptation type?
A. Meissner corpuscle; Rapidly adapting
B. Pacinian corpuscle; Slow adapting
C. Meissner corpuscle; Slow adapting
D. Pacinian corpuscle; Rapidly adapting

A

D

87
Q

All of the following regarding the dorsal column/medial lemniscal system are true EXCEPT:
A. Mechanosensory information from the lower body synapses at the gracile nucleus
B. After entering the cerebrum, fibers synapse at the ventral posterior lateral nucleus
C. Mechanosensory information decussates at the anterior white commissure
D. Mechanosensory information from the upper body enters the CNS via a cervical dorsal root ganglia

A

C

88
Q

A 37-year-old man is rushed to the ED following a severe motorcycle accident which has altered somatosensory perception in his lower limbs. MRI indicates the patient has a lesion in the right portion of his spinal cord. What symptoms is the patient likely experiencing?
A. Loss of both mechanoreceptive and nociceptive sensation in the right leg
B. Loss of mechanoreceptive sensation on the right leg and nociceptive sensation on the left leg
C. Loss of both mechanoreceptive and nociceptive sensation in the left leg
D. Loss of mechanoreceptive sensation on the left leg and nociceptive sensation on the right leg

A

B

89
Q

The anterolateral system sends projections to varying portions of the CNS to elicit physiological responses after pain stimulation. Which of the following structures directs our attention to the source of pain?
A. Superior colliculus
B. Insular cortex
C. Periaqueductal Gray
D. Somatosensory cortex

A

A

90
Q
  1. The perception of normally non-nociceptive stimuli as being painful is often caused by a form of sensitization. Which of the following would lead to peripheral/local sensitization?
    A. Loss of primary afferents in the dorsal horn
    B. Sensitization of NMDA receptors on spinal interneurons
    C. Release of neuropeptides from C fibers
    D. Sensitization of NMDA receptors directly on the anterolateral tract
A

C

Neuroscience Exam 2: Nastassia (9 decks)

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