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Repro > Lecture 2 - Female Repro > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What structure sits anteriorly to the vagina/uterus?

A

Bladder

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2
Q

What structure sits posteriorly to the vagina/uterus?

A

Rectum

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3
Q

What is the external genitals called?

A

Vulva

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4
Q

Why do women sometimes get sharp pain at ovulation?

A

The egg bursts out of the ovary at ovulation disrupting the capsule around the ovary

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5
Q

What day is ovulation?

A

Day 14

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6
Q

Why do nuns commonly get ovarian cancer?

A

Nuns are celibate so dont use contraception or get pregnant

This means they get the max number of ovulations

This is bad since at every ovulation the capsule gets destroyed which needs to reproliferate which is a risk for ovarian cancer

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7
Q

Why do nuns commonly get ovarian cancer?

A

Nuns are celibate so dont use contraception or get pregnant

This means they get the max number of ovulations

This is bad since at every ovulation the capsule gets destroyed which needs to reproliferate which is a risk for ovarian cancer

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8
Q

What blood vessels supply the ovaries?

A

Ovarian vessels
Ovarian artery and ovarian vein

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9
Q

How does the left ovarian vein drain and what is this similar to?

A

Drains to the left renal vein then into the Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Left testicular vein

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10
Q

What does the right ovarian vein drain into?

A

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

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11
Q

What is an ovarian cyst?

A

Fluid filled sacs that grow on the ovaries

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12
Q

What is the concern with ovarian cysts?

A

They are prone to twisting which can lead to loss of blood supply to the ovaries

Ovarian torsion

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13
Q

What are the ways an ovarian cyst may present?

A

Painless
Painful
Abdominal distension

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14
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The opening between the uterus and the vagina

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15
Q

What cells line the body of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

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16
Q

What is the top of the uterus called?

A

Fundus

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17
Q

What structure joins the uterus to the ovaries?

A

Fallopian tubes

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18
Q

How does the uterus move when the bladder is full?

A

Uterus gets pushed up

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19
Q

What is the cervical os?

A

Opening at ends of cervical canal

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20
Q

What are the fornices/fornix?

A

Indentations where the vagina bends behind the cervix

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21
Q

What is meant be describing a cervical os as nulliparous?

A

Hasn’t had a baby passed through it

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22
Q

What does a slip like cervical os indicate?

A

Likely a baby has passed through it

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23
Q

What is cervical ectropian?

A

Where the epithelium of cervical canal spreads out likely due to contraception

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24
Q

How can cervical cancer be seen on the cervix?

A

Areas of haemorrhage
Ulceration

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25
Q

What are some common side effects of pregnancy?

A

Acid reflux

Constipation

Increased urine frequency

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26
Q

Why do women commonly get acid reflux when pregnant?

A

Uterus expands pushing the stomach upwards

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27
Q

Why do women commonly get constipation when pregnant?

A

Rectum gets compressed by the expanding uterus

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28
Q

Why do women commonly get increased urinary frequency when pregnant?

A

Expanding uterus compresses the bladder

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29
Q

How high up does the uterus expand as the fetus grows?

A

Grows up to the xiphisternum

This is the cartilaginous tip of the sternum

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30
Q

What are the structures starting with the Fimbriae to the uterus?

A

Fimbriae -> infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Uterus

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31
Q

What are the Fimbriae?

A

Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tube which sit over the top of the ovary

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32
Q

How are the ovaries and the Fimbriae/fallopian tubes related?

What separates them?

A

Fimbriae/tubes do not connect to the ovaries they just sit over the top

They are separated by the peritoneal cavity

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33
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The funnel that leads to the tub proper from the Fimbriae

Connects to the ampulla

34
Q

What is the significance of the ampulla region of the fallopian tubes?

A

Where fertilisation takes place

35
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies most commonly take place?

A

Ampulla

36
Q

What is the danger of ectopic pregnancies?

What arteries are at risk?

A

Tubes cant distend and grow like the uterus, leads to the tubes bursting leading to haemorrhaging from the ovarian artery or uterine artery (connected via anastomoses)

37
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells lining the fallopian tubes?

A

Ciliated cells

Peg cells

38
Q

What is the function of the ciliated cells in the fallopian tubes?

A

Beat the ovum down to the uterus

39
Q

What is the function of the peg cells in the fallopian tubes?

A

Release substances that help keep the sperm going

40
Q

What area of the uterine tubes open into the peritoneal cavity?

A

At the Fimbriae

41
Q

What is the clinical significance of the uterine tubes opening into the peritoneal cavity?

A

Air can be bubbled through uterine tubes into peritoneal cavity (pneumoperitoneum)

UTIs can spread and lead to infection in the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

What type of organs with respect to the peritoneum are the pelvic organs?

A

Subperitoneal organs

(Sit underneath the peritoneum, imagine the peritoneum is like a blanket the is thrown over the top of the organs and it sits in between the gaps )

43
Q

What is the name of the pouch formed by the peritoneum between the bladder and the uterus?

A

Vesicouterine pouch

44
Q

What is the name of the pouch formed by the peritoneum between the uterus and the rectum?

A

Rectouterine pouch

45
Q

What are the 4 types of peritoneal ligaments of the uterus and ovary?

A

Broad ligament

Round ligament

Ovarian ligament

Suspensory ligament

46
Q

What are the 2 ligaments that are derived from gubernaculum?

A

Round ligament

Ovarian ligament

47
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

Area where the peritoneum gets tented outwards allowing the ovarian vessels and nerves to run to the uterine body

48
Q

What is the function of the round ligament?

A

Connects the uterus to the abdominal wall by leading to the Inguinal ring (maintains anteversion)

49
Q

What is the ovarian ligament?

A

Connects the ovary to the uterus

50
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Sheet of folded peritoneum associated with both the uterus and the ovaries

Has 3 parts to it

51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?

A

Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx

52
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A

Part of the broad ligament covering the uterus and extending laterally covering the external iliac vessels to the lateral wall

Attactchs uterus to lateral pelvic wall

53
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

Associated with the ovaries by wrapping around their neurovascular supply at the hilum

54
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

Surrounds the fallopian tubes acting as a mesentry for the rest of the broad ligament

55
Q

What branches of artery do the uterine artery and the vaginal artery come from??

A

Internal iliac artery

56
Q

What is the round ligament?

A

Connects the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall by passing through the inguinal canal attaching to the labia majora

57
Q

What main artery supplies all the abdominal viscera?

A

Internal iliac artery

58
Q

What is the angle of AntiVersion?

A

The angle between the Vagina and the cervix (less than 180 degrees)

If its greater than 180 degrees then its retroVerted

59
Q

What is the angle of anti Flexion?

A

Angle between angle of cervix and uterus (less than 180 degrees)

Retroflexed if its greater than 180 degrees

60
Q

What ligament is responsible for maintaining antiVersion and anti Flexion?

A

Round ligament

61
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the vagina?

Why are these cells good?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Need to be able to resist abrasion

62
Q

What is special about the stratified squamous epithelium lining the vagina?

A

Have large glycogen granules for lactobacilli to feed on

63
Q

What is the importance of lactobacilli in the vagina?

A

They produce lactic acid to maintain an acidic pH preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria

64
Q

What is the condition is caught from lack of lactobacilli leading to overgrowth of pathogenic microbes?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

65
Q

What are the muscles of the vulva from most inward to outwards?

A

Labium minus
Labium majus

66
Q

What is the vestibule of the vulva?

A

Leads to the vaginal canal

67
Q

What is Female Genital Mutilation?

A

When parts or the full vulva are removed (Glans clitoris, labia Majora, labia Minora

68
Q

What needs to be considered medically in a trans woman?

A

May have a prostate
Can suffer from symptoms of BPH and/or prostate cancer

69
Q

Why can pain be felt at the shoulder tip following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ovum developing in fallopian tube rupture leading to haemorrhaging from the uterine or ovarian artery leading blood in the abdominal cavity,, this can irritate the phrenic nerve of the diaphragm which has the nerve roots C3,C4 and C5 leading to pain around the shoulder

70
Q

How can a patient with a UTI get peritonitis?

A

Infection can travel from fallopian tubes through the Fimbriae into the peritoneum

71
Q

What can happen as a consequence of infection in the fallopian tubes?

A

Inflammation and scarring/fibrosis which can narrow the tubes

72
Q

What is endometriosis?

Symptoms:

A

When ectopici endometrial tissue is dispersed to various sites along the peritoneal cavity

Severe period pain (dysmenorrhoea, infertility)

73
Q

What are polycystic ovaries?

A

When the ovaries develop more than 10 cysts often leading to infertility

74
Q

What lymph nodes does the superior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?

A

External iliac nodes

75
Q

What lymph nodes does the middle 1/3 of the vagina drain to?

A

Internal iliac nodes

76
Q

What lymph nodes does the inferior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

77
Q

What lymph nodes does the inferior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

78
Q

What lymph nodes do the ovaries drain to?

A

Paraortic lymph nodes

79
Q

What lymph nodes do the ovaries, fundus of the uterus and the fallopian tubes drain to?

A

Paraarotic lymph nodes

80
Q

What lymph nodes does the body of the uterus drain to?

A

External iliac nodes

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