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Y2 - Repro > Lecture 2 - Female Repro > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Female Repro Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What structure sits anteriorly to the vagina/uterus?

A

Bladder

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2
Q

What structure sits posteriorly to the vagina/uterus?

A

Rectum

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3
Q

What is the external genitals called?

A

Vulva

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4
Q

Why do women sometimes get sharp pain at ovulation?

A

The egg bursts out of the ovary at ovulation disrupting the capsule around the ovary

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5
Q

What day is ovulation?

A

Day 14

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6
Q

Why do nuns commonly get ovarian cancer?

A

Nuns are celibate so dont use contraception or get pregnant

This means they get the max number of ovulations

This is bad since at every ovulation the capsule gets destroyed which needs to reproliferate which is a risk for ovarian cancer

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7
Q

Why do nuns commonly get ovarian cancer?

A

Nuns are celibate so dont use contraception or get pregnant

This means they get the max number of ovulations

This is bad since at every ovulation the capsule gets destroyed which needs to reproliferate which is a risk for ovarian cancer

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8
Q

What blood vessels supply the ovaries?

A

Ovarian vessels
Ovarian artery and ovarian vein

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9
Q

How does the left ovarian vein drain and what is this similar to?

A

Drains to the left renal vein then into the Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Left testicular vein

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10
Q

What does the right ovarian vein drain into?

A

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

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11
Q

What is an ovarian cyst?

A

Fluid filled sacs that grow on the ovaries

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12
Q

What is the concern with ovarian cysts?

A

They are prone to twisting which can lead to loss of blood supply to the ovaries

Ovarian torsion

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13
Q

What are the ways an ovarian cyst may present?

A

Painless
Painful
Abdominal distension

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14
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The opening between the uterus and the vagina

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15
Q

What cells line the body of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

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16
Q

What is the top of the uterus called?

A

Fundus

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17
Q

What structure joins the uterus to the ovaries?

A

Fallopian tubes

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18
Q

How does the uterus move when the bladder is full?

A

Uterus gets pushed up

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19
Q

What is the cervical os?

A

Opening at ends of cervical canal

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20
Q

What are the fornices/fornix?

A

Indentations where the vagina bends behind the cervix

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21
Q

What is meant be describing a cervical os as nulliparous?

A

Hasn’t had a baby passed through it

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22
Q

What does a slip like cervical os indicate?

A

Likely a baby has passed through it

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23
Q

What is cervical ectropian?

A

Where the epithelium of cervical canal spreads out likely due to contraception

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24
Q

How can cervical cancer be seen on the cervix?

A

Areas of haemorrhage
Ulceration

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25
What are some common side effects of pregnancy?
Acid reflux Constipation Increased urine frequency
26
Why do women commonly get acid reflux when pregnant?
Uterus expands pushing the stomach upwards
27
Why do women commonly get constipation when pregnant?
Rectum gets compressed by the expanding uterus
28
Why do women commonly get increased urinary frequency when pregnant?
Expanding uterus compresses the bladder
29
How high up does the uterus expand as the fetus grows?
Grows up to the xiphisternum This is the cartilaginous tip of the sternum
30
What are the structures starting with the Fimbriae to the uterus?
Fimbriae -> infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Uterus
31
What are the Fimbriae?
Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tube which sit over the top of the ovary
32
How are the ovaries and the Fimbriae/fallopian tubes related? What separates them?
Fimbriae/tubes do not connect to the ovaries they just sit over the top They are separated by the peritoneal cavity
33
What is the infundibulum?
The funnel that leads to the tub proper from the Fimbriae Connects to the ampulla
34
What is the significance of the ampulla region of the fallopian tubes?
Where fertilisation takes place
35
Where do ectopic pregnancies most commonly take place?
Ampulla
36
What is the danger of ectopic pregnancies? What arteries are at risk?
Tubes cant distend and grow like the uterus, leads to the tubes bursting leading to haemorrhaging from the ovarian artery or uterine artery (connected via anastomoses)
37
What are the 2 main types of cells lining the fallopian tubes?
Ciliated cells Peg cells
38
What is the function of the ciliated cells in the fallopian tubes?
Beat the ovum down to the uterus
39
What is the function of the peg cells in the fallopian tubes?
Release substances that help keep the sperm going
40
What area of the uterine tubes open into the peritoneal cavity?
At the Fimbriae
41
What is the clinical significance of the uterine tubes opening into the peritoneal cavity?
Air can be bubbled through uterine tubes into peritoneal cavity (pneumoperitoneum) UTIs can spread and lead to infection in the peritoneal cavity
42
What type of organs with respect to the peritoneum are the pelvic organs?
Subperitoneal organs (Sit underneath the peritoneum, imagine the peritoneum is like a blanket the is thrown over the top of the organs and it sits in between the gaps )
43
What is the name of the pouch formed by the peritoneum between the bladder and the uterus?
Vesicouterine pouch
44
What is the name of the pouch formed by the peritoneum between the uterus and the rectum?
Rectouterine pouch
45
What are the 4 types of peritoneal ligaments of the uterus and ovary?
Broad ligament Round ligament Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament
46
What are the 2 ligaments that are derived from gubernaculum?
Round ligament Ovarian ligament
47
What is the suspensory ligament?
Area where the peritoneum gets tented outwards allowing the ovarian vessels and nerves to run to the uterine body
48
What is the function of the round ligament?
Connects the uterus to the abdominal wall by leading to the Inguinal ring (maintains anteversion)
49
What is the ovarian ligament?
Connects the ovary to the uterus
50
What is the broad ligament?
Sheet of folded peritoneum associated with both the uterus and the ovaries Has 3 parts to it
51
What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?
Mesometrium Mesovarium Mesosalpinx
52
What is the mesometrium?
Part of the broad ligament covering the uterus and extending laterally covering the external iliac vessels to the lateral wall Attactchs uterus to lateral pelvic wall
53
What is the mesovarium?
Associated with the ovaries by wrapping around their neurovascular supply at the hilum
54
What is the mesosalpinx?
Surrounds the fallopian tubes acting as a mesentry for the rest of the broad ligament
55
What branches of artery do the uterine artery and the vaginal artery come from??
Internal iliac artery
56
What is the round ligament?
Connects the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall by passing through the inguinal canal attaching to the labia majora
57
What main artery supplies all the abdominal viscera?
Internal iliac artery
58
What is the angle of AntiVersion?
The angle between the Vagina and the cervix (less than 180 degrees) If its greater than 180 degrees then its retroVerted
59
What is the angle of anti Flexion?
Angle between angle of cervix and uterus (less than 180 degrees) Retroflexed if its greater than 180 degrees
60
What ligament is responsible for maintaining antiVersion and anti Flexion?
Round ligament
61
What type of epithelial cells line the vagina? Why are these cells good?
Stratified squamous epithelium Need to be able to resist abrasion
62
What is special about the stratified squamous epithelium lining the vagina?
Have large glycogen granules for lactobacilli to feed on
63
What is the importance of lactobacilli in the vagina?
They produce lactic acid to maintain an acidic pH preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria
64
What is the condition is caught from lack of lactobacilli leading to overgrowth of pathogenic microbes?
Bacterial vaginosis
65
What are the muscles of the vulva from most inward to outwards?
Labium minus Labium majus
66
What is the vestibule of the vulva?
Leads to the vaginal canal
67
What is Female Genital Mutilation?
When parts or the full vulva are removed (Glans clitoris, labia Majora, labia Minora
68
What needs to be considered medically in a trans woman?
May have a prostate Can suffer from symptoms of BPH and/or prostate cancer
69
Why can pain be felt at the shoulder tip following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy?
Ovum developing in fallopian tube rupture leading to haemorrhaging from the uterine or ovarian artery leading blood in the abdominal cavity,, this can irritate the phrenic nerve of the diaphragm which has the nerve roots C3,C4 and C5 leading to pain around the shoulder
70
How can a patient with a UTI get peritonitis?
Infection can travel from fallopian tubes through the Fimbriae into the peritoneum
71
What can happen as a consequence of infection in the fallopian tubes?
Inflammation and scarring/fibrosis which can narrow the tubes
72
What is endometriosis? Symptoms:
When ectopici endometrial tissue is dispersed to various sites along the peritoneal cavity Severe period pain (dysmenorrhoea, infertility)
73
What are polycystic ovaries?
When the ovaries develop more than 10 cysts often leading to infertility
74
What lymph nodes does the superior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?
External iliac nodes
75
What lymph nodes does the middle 1/3 of the vagina drain to?
Internal iliac nodes
76
What lymph nodes does the inferior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
77
What lymph nodes does the inferior 1/3 of the vagina drain to?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
78
What lymph nodes do the ovaries drain to?
Paraortic lymph nodes
79
What lymph nodes do the ovaries, fundus of the uterus and the fallopian tubes drain to?
Paraarotic lymph nodes
80
What lymph nodes does the body of the uterus drain to?
External iliac nodes

Y2 - Repro (19 decks)

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