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Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 2 : Filtration at the Renal Corpuscle > Flashcards

Lecture 2 : Filtration at the Renal Corpuscle Flashcards

1
Q

Renal Corpuscle:

A

Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule

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2
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary bed

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3
Q

Glomerular Capsule

A

cup surrounding glomerulus

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4
Q

Renal Tubule:

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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5
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

leads out of glomerular capsule

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6
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

A

Descending limb into medulla

Ascending limb back to cortex

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7
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

leads to collecting duct

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8
Q

____ collects from many nephrons and completes modification of urine

A

Collecting duct

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9
Q

The cortex contains:

A

renal corpuscles

proximal convoluted tubules

distal convoluted tubules

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10
Q

The medulla contains the straight structures:

A

loops of Henle
collecting ducts
vasa recta blood vessels

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11
Q

Renal cortex histology

A

Glomeruli stand out visually

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12
Q

Renal medulla histology

A

Lots of tubes running in parallel

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13
Q

Renal corpuscle histology:

A
  • squamous epithelium of parietal layer of glomerular capsule
  • glomerular capsular space
  • glomerulus
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14
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule histology:

A

fuzzy lumen due to long microvilli

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15
Q

Distal convoluted tubule histology:

A

clear lumen

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16
Q

Two types of nephrons distinguished by location:

A

Cortical & Juxtamedullary nephrons

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17
Q

Both types of nephrons filter ___ and process filtrate to make ____.

A

blood
urine

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18
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

85% of all nephrons

Located primarily in the cortex; only part of the loop of Henle dips into medulla

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19
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Renal corpuscle located near the cortex-medulla junction

Loop of Henle dips deep into the medulla

Primary role is to establish osmotic gradient in kidney to make it possible to concentrate urine

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20
Q

____ carries blood into the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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21
Q

___ leads out of the glomerulus and drains into ____ capillary bed surrounding proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

Efferent arteriole
peritubular

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22
Q

In juxtamedullary nephrons, efferent arteriole drains into _____ associated with the nephron loop.

A

vasa recta

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23
Q

Blood vessels of the Nephron

A

These are low pressure capillary beds which favor exchange of substances from interstitial spaces around tubules

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24
Q

Urine formation and blood adjustment relies on:

A

FILTRATION, REABSORPTION
SECRETION

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25
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

dumps cell-free and protein-free blood filtrate into the container (glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule)

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26
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

reclaims what the body needs to keep (from tubule to the blood)

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27
Q

Tubular secretion

A

selectively adds to the filtrate (from blood to tubule)

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28
Q

Excretion

A

the term used to describe elimination of finished urine from body

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29
Q

The kidneys will process 180 L (47 gallons) of blood derived fluid (filtrate) a day, BUT, only ___ leaves the body as urine

A

1.5 L

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30
Q

Filtrate ≠ Urine

A

We only call it urine after ALL processing is complete

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31
Q

structure of typical capillary bed

A

Small holes within and between endothelial cells allow solutes and water to move across capillary wall

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32
Q

Blood moves from arteriole across the capillary bed
to a ___

A

venule

33
Q

Exchange with interstitial space occurs across the ___

A

capillary wall

34
Q

Forces in Capillary Exchange:

A

Filtration
Reabsorption

35
Q

Filtration:

A

Water and small solutes squeezed out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

36
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Water drawn back into the capillary from the interstitial fluid

37
Q

Filtration is driven by blood pressure _____

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure
(CHP)

38
Q

Reabsorption is pulled by ____ exerted by large plasma proteins trapped in blood

A

osmotic pressure

39
Q

______ of arteriole increases blood flow into capillary bed

= ___ filtration pressure

A

Vasodilation
increases

40
Q

_____ of arteriole decreases blood flow into capillary bed

= ____ filtration pressure

A

Vasoconstriction
Decreases

41
Q

Glomerulus

A

A coiled capillary bed between two arterioles

42
Q

The _____brings blood into the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

43
Q

Capillaries of the glomerular tuft are ____, and capillary hydrostatic fluid pushes fluid and solutes out of the capillary

A

fenestrated

44
Q

Blood leaves the capillary through the ______

A

efferent arteriole

45
Q

Note that we can adjust ____ (and affect pressure) from either side of the glomerulus!

A

flow

46
Q

The glomerular capsule has a ____ and a ______:

A

parietal layer
visceral layer

47
Q

Parietal layer

A

simple squamous epithelium

outer part of capsule

48
Q

Visceral layer

A

inner visceral layer

special cells called PODOCYTES with “foot processes”

49
Q

High pressure blood entering glomerular capillary bed is filtered a filtration membrane and the filtered material is collected in the _____

A

glomerular capsular space

50
Q

The Filtration Membrane has three (3) layers:

A

1) Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary

2) Basement Membrane

3)Filtration slits between the foot processes of podocytes (visceral layer of glomerular capsule)

51
Q

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary

A

Allows passage of everything but blood cells

52
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Repels negatively charged macromolecules (plasma proteins)

53
Q

Filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes (visceral layer of glomerular capsule)

A

Slit diaphragm cover filtration slits adding a final barrier to macromolecules

Glomerular mesangial cells phagocytize debris caught between layers

54
Q

“Ultrafiltrate of Blood Plasma”

A

In healthy nephrons, filtrate contains anything that is in blood plasma, except cells and proteins

55
Q

Anything smaller than 3nm easily passes through membrane:

A

water, glucose, amino acids, drugs

56
Q

Anything larger than 5nm stays in the capillary :

A

maintains the osmotic pressure of blood, preventing loss of all water to capsular space

57
Q

The presence of cells or proteins in the urine can indicate problems with the ______

A

filtration membrane

58
Q

Two types of pressure affect fluid flow:

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic (oncotic) pressure

59
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of fluid against walls of a vessel

Can be:
blood in the capillary pushing toward the capsular space (HPgc)

fluid in the capsular space pushing toward the blood vessel (HPcs)

60
Q

Osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A

pressure exerted by particles (proteins) in the blood (or a fluid) which tend to “pull” water into the vessel or space (OPgc)

61
Q

Pressures in the glomerular and capsular space can be pulling water in:

A

opposite directions and therefore oppose each other

62
Q

The sum of all opposing forces determines the ___ pressure in a system.

A

NET

63
Q

____ is the most important force determining net pressure in a healthy kidney, and can be regulated

A

Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure can be adjusted by altering ___

A

arteriole diameter

65
Q

Efferent arteriole vasodilation

A

Modify the amount of blood LEAVING the glomerulus

66
Q

Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

A

Modify the amount of blood ENTERING the glomerulus

67
Q

Osmolarity

A

the number of particles or solutes in a given volume of water

68
Q

Blood plasma has a normal osmotic concentration of ___

A

~280-300mOsm

69
Q

The goal of the kidneys is to keep the osmolarity of body fluids constant by regulating _____

A

urine concentration and volume

70
Q

Maintaining constant osmolality of extracellular fluids is crucial for preventing cells, particularly in the brain, from :

A

shrinking or swelling from osmotic movement of water.

71
Q

Filtrate is ___ with Blood

A

Isosmotic = same osmotic pressure

72
Q

Osmolarity of blood entering kidney =

A

300

73
Q

Osmolarity of blood in afferent arteriole =

A

300

74
Q

Osmolarity of blood in efferent arteriole =

A

300

75
Q

Osmolarity of filtrate =

A

300

76
Q

Filtrate is a pre-urine, produced at the ___ by filtering blood through the filtration membrane

A

glomerulus

77
Q

Filtrate contains waste products we want to eliminate from blood and :

A

water
ions
glucose
amino acids

78
Q

How do we prevent loss of water, ions and nutrients
from body if we put it into the filtrate?

A

The long tubule system of the nephron

Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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