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Virology > Lecture 2 - Herpesviruses > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Herpesviruses Flashcards

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0
Q

herpesvirus: disease characteristics
typical microscopic lesions
host specific
what happens after initial infection

A

microscopic lesions: eosinophilic nuclear inclusions
host specific: self-limiting, serious in immunocompromised, rare zoonosis/anthroponosis
what happens after infection: they persist in the host (latency) and will recrudesce under stress (life long shedding)

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1
Q

herpesvirus basic characteristics

A

dsDNA genome
enveloped
icosahedral capsid
tegument

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2
Q

alpha herpesvirus

A

neurons

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3
Q

beta herpesvirus

A

myeloid precursors, kidneys

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4
Q

gamma herpesvirus

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus-1 can present as what diseases?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
infectious pustular balanoposthitis
abortion

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6
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1

A

alphavirus

associated with ocular lesions - conjunctivitis, corneal keratitis and ulceration and cancer of the eye

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7
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

part of shipping fever complex

causes an infection in oropharyngeal region (upper respiratory tract)

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8
Q

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis clinical signs and dx

A

clinical signs: dyspnic, febril, white necrotic lesions on mucosa can cause abortions

dx: from clinical signs, hx and serology or vial isolation

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9
Q

infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanopisthitis

A

neither lead to abortion

cause vulvular and glans penis lesions

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10
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 abortion

A
  • follows from the respiratory form of the infection- NOT genital form.
  • liver is the best source of virus for diagnosis
  • live vaccines for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis can be used as abortigen in feedlots.
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11
Q

bovine shipping fever complex (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis plays a role in this)

A

respiratory disease seen in calves one month within weaning when they go to the feedlots.

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12
Q

what complexes are seen within bovine shipping fever complex?

A 
bovine viral diarrhea
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
parainfluenza type-3 virus
bovine cornoavirus
bacteria (manhemia, pasteruella, mycoplasma)
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13
Q

clinical signs of bovine shipping fever complex

A

depression, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, coughing, diarrhea, nasal discharge or sudden death

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14
Q

dx and tx of bovine shipping fever complex

A

dx: history and clinical signs
tx: supportive care, antibiotics!, occasionally anti-inflammatories to reduce lung pathology

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15
Q

what other conditions can bovine herpes virus-1 cause?

A

mastitis!

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16
Q

epidemiology of BHV-1 (bovine herpesvirus -1)

A

spread by aerosols in feedlots or coitus (for IPV and IPB)
enveloped = fragile virus
causes latent infection that is reactivated by steroids
easy to isolate

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17
Q

control and prevention of BHV-1

A

wide range of vaccines available

in florida, calves sent to feedlots out west should be vaccinated 3 weeks before shipping

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18
Q

bovine herpesvirus-2

what type of virus is it and what does it cause

A

alphavirus

causes: dermatopathic bovine herpesvirus, bovine mammillitis (mastitis), pseudo-lumpy skin disease

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19
Q

clinical signs of bovine herpesvirus-2

A
  • mild inflammation to severe ulceration of hte skin on teats and udder
  • seen in the fall as an explosive outbreak of teat lesions without generalized skin lesions
  • may see generalized nodules all over body - they become necrotic and lymphadenitis occurs
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20
Q

when diagnosing bovine herpesvirus-2 what disease MUST you rule out first?

A

poxvirus like true lumpy skin disease

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21
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-2 transmitted?

A

direct contact via fomites like milking machines or insect vector

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22
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-2 dx and tx?

A

dx: based on clinical signs or virus recovery
tx: supportive care

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23
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujezky’s disease)
animals affected?
pathogenesis?

A 
wild pigs (eradicated in domestic pigs)
enters via nasal or oral epithelium
replication in URT
spreads to brain via cranial nerves 
***shed from nose and mouth for 17 days post-infection then becomes latent***
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24
how is pseudorabies transmitted? who are the carriers? how is the disease reactivated?
primarily airborne also via milk, semen, transplacental carriers: adults and vaccinated animals can be reactivated by stress
25
incubation period for pseudorabies | clinical signs of pseudorabies
incubation period: 1 week if animal is less than 2 weeks old clinical signs are: fever, convulsive episodes, prostration, 100% mortality if animal is older than 2 weeks: fever, anorexia, CNS signs (hindlimb incoordination, circling, muscle tremors, lateral deviation of the head) 5 - 25% mortality. may also see respiratory signs - dyspnea and nasal discharge
26
clinical signs of pseudorabies in adults | ***histopath***
will vary - mild: anorexia, dullness, abortions, stillbirths virulent straing: incoordination to fever, vomiting, respiratory ***histopath: eosinophilic inclusions in neurons***
27
control of pseudorabies
vaccines: modified life and recombinant | serological tests can differentiate from naturally infected and vaccinated
28
how was pseudorabies eradicated from pig populations in the US?
from gene-deleted vaccines - they deleted thinine kinase from the virus.
29
pseudorabies in other species which species? what are their clinical signs? any hallmarks?
cattle, sheep, cats, dogs (all dead-end hosts) - intense local pruritis is cardinal sign --> "mad itch" = hallmark! - self mutilation - excitement, convulsions
30
pseudorabies in cattle
clinical presentation similar to rabies - acquired through contact with pigs - no virus excretion at site of self mutilation hence no transmission (dead-end host) - virus can be isolated from brain
31
pseudorabies in dogs
- associated with hunting feral pigs - also experiences "mad itch" - common in florida
32
pseudorabies in cats
not that important - uncommon - contracted via contact with infected piglets - signs: pruritis and death
33
what does equine herpesvirus-4 cause?
equine rhinopneumonitis
34
what is equine rhinopneumonitis? | what are its clinical signs?
it is a respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus-4 found worldwide. clinical signs: fever, depression,a norexia, serous nasal d/c, cough, sumbandibular lymphadenopathy, secondary bacterial infection (pneumonia, mucopurulent nasal discharge)
35
what does equine herpesvirus-1 cause?
equine abortion/myeloencephalitis
36
etiology of equine abortion/myeloencephalitis
equine herpesvirus-1 is the cause of abortion and neurological disease. - position 752 DNA poly gene point mutation
37
pathogenesis of equine abortion/myeloencephalitis (EHV-1)
- droplet infection leads to viral replication in URT | - leukocyte-associated viremic spread to other tissues like the CNS and uterus with subsequent invasion of the fetus
38
clinical signs of equine abortion/myeloencphalitis (EHV-1)
same as EHV-4 + abortion and neurological disease (ataxia, posterior paresis and quadriplegia)
39
what is the prognosis of horses with EHV-1 abortion/myeloencephalitis?
poor - most horses die
40
How are both EHV-1 and EHV-4 diagnosed?
virus isolation, serology, histopath, PCR, immunofluorescence (IFA), necropsy
41
how are both EHV-1 and EHV-4 prevented?
vaccines (efficacy questionable), quarentine, hygiene
42
what does equine herpesvirus-3 cause?
coital exanthema
43
clinical signs of coital exanthema
- vesicles on skin of vulva or penis --> progresses to erosions/scabs - secondary bacterial infection common
44
transmission of equine herpesvirus-3: coital exanthema
venereal if there are no lesions then there will be no transmission
45
diagnosis of EHV-3: coital exanthema
virus isolation
46
tx of EHV-3: coital exanthema
sexual rest | topical antibiotics
47
control of equine herpesvirus-3: coital exanthema
no vaccine - horeses without active lesions are considered not infective.
48
epidemiology of canine herpesvirus-1
present worldwide seropositive rates >30% in feral dogs
49
transmission of canine herpesvirus-1
direct contact with infectious body fluids - latent after primary infection and is shed periodically primarily in nasal secretion - puppies are at highest risk of disease - mortality rate is high during 1st week of life (infected puppies die within 24-48 hours)
50
clinical signs of canine herpesvirus in puppies
highly letha - depression, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, nasal d/c, hepatomegaly, CNS signs
51
clinical signs of canine herpesvirus in adults
reproductive problems | asymptomatic, respiratory & reproductive infection
52
canine herpesvirus-1 dx
``` clinical signs viral culture: cannot be isolated > 2-3 weeks post infection histopath: intranuclear inclusions PCR serology necropsy ```
53
tx for canine herpesivrus
supportive care
54
prevention for canine herpesvirus
vaccination NOT available in US! | once a female is infected she will pass antibodies on to pups
55
feline herpesvirus-1 causes.....
feline viral rhinotracheitis
56
several agents can be involved with feline upper respriatory tract infections including?
- feline herpesvirus (viral rhinotracheitis) - calcivirus - chlamydia - bordetella - mycoplasma
57
how are feline URI's transmitted?
direct contact with infected cats | indirect via fomites
58
epidemiology of feline URIs
latency - recrudescence occurs | common in muticat households
59
clinical signs of feline URIs
non-specific: fever, sneezing, serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge, conjnctivits, ocular discharge, hypersalivation, anorexia, dehydration
60
clinical signs of feline herpesvirus
corneal ulceration, abortion, neonatal death along with nonspecific signs of URIs
61
clinical signs of calcivrius
oral ulceration, pneumonia, polyarthritis
62
how to differentiate feline URIs
chlamydia and mycoplasma: conjunctivitis herpesvirus: rhinitis, pharyngitis, corneal ulcers calcivirus: oral ulcers only or pneumonia
63
feline URI diagnosis
fluorescent antibody test: conjunctival scrapings virus isolation tests serological assays viral nucleic acid testing
64
tx of ACUTE feline URIs
``` supportive care steam/vaporizer corneal ulcer and conjunctivitis abx if secondary bacterial infection NO GLUCOCORTICOIDS! ```
65
Tx of chronic feline URIs
facilitate drainage of discharge chronic abx therapy lysine +/- glucocorticoids
66
prevention of feline URIs
vaccination - lessens severity quarantine - minimum of 3 weeks for new animals disinfection
67
avian herpesvirus-1 causes _____
infectious laryngotracheitis
68
general characteristics of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious laryngotracheitis
occurs worldwide in chickens and pheasants most common form is 4 - 18 months old all ages susceptible - most common in 4 - 18 months
69
clinical signs of AHV-1: infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)
mild coughing/sneezing followed by nasal/ocular discharge, dyspnea, loud gasping "pump handle respiration" - neck is raised and the head extended during inspiration head shaking during cough causes bloody mucus and frank blood on beak, face and feathers
70
clinical signs of low virulent strains of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious laryngotracheitis
conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, swollen sinuses and low egg production
71
transmission and dx of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious larngotracheitis
transmission: aerosol dx: clinical signs and confirmatory test like PCR or ELISA
72
what does avian herpesvirus-2 cause?
marek's disease
73
clinical signs of Marek's disease
lymphoproliferative syndromes including lymphoma within visceral organs and nervous system - asymptomatic paralysis of one or both legs/wings causing incoordination = early sign
74
3 forms of Marek's disease
1. acute Marek's disease (fowl paralysis): extensive outbreaks in young birds - depression followed b ataxia and paralysis with significant mortality 2. ocular lymphomatosis = rare causes graying of iris and blindness 3. cutaneous marek's disease (redleg syndrome) - causes round nodular lesions along feathered skin and red coloration down legs
75
dx of avian-herpesvirus-2: Marek's disease
based on PE, clinical signs, necropsy confirmation via histopath viral antigen detected by IF
76
prevention of marek's disease
vaccination of 1 day old chicks it decreases incidence of lymphoproliferative syndromes and neoplastic lesions peripheral neurologic disease continues without vaccination, mortality peaks at 80% in immature birds around 2 - 5months old
77
porcine herpesvirus-2: what does it cause? | what type of virus is it?
causes porcine cytomegalovirus | its a betaherpesvirus
78
porcine cytomegalovirus: general characteristics
enzootic in swine herds worldwide - most severe in swine less than 2 weeks old
79
clinical signs of porcine herpesvirus-2: porcine cytomegalovirus
- only occur with new introduction of virus or poor nutrition rhinitis - sneezing, coughing, serous nasal discharge, ocular discharge, depression - piglets lose weight rapidly and die within days
80
alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2 both cause?
bovine malignant catarrhal fever
81
what species are affected by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2?
wildebeest and sheep - they are asymptomatic but shed the virus sheep will pass the virus to: cattle, bison and deer wildebeest pass the virus to: ungulates
82
two types of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and ovine herpesvirus-2:
african and North American both occur in the US North American is mostly associated with sheep
83
what are diagnostic indicators of bovine malignant catarrhal fever?
bilateral corneal opacity | 100% mortality but low morbidity
84
clinical signs of acute bovine malignant catarrhal fever
highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the URT and GI mucosa, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, lymph node enlargement
85
clinical signs of peracute form of bovine malignant catarrhal fever
high fever, dyspnea, acute gastroenteritis
86
clinical signs of "head and eye form" of bovine malignant catarrhal fever
high persistant fever, listlessness rapid pulse, profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, CNS signs, lymphadenopathy and corneal opacity, death in 3 - 4 days
87
transmission of bovine malignant catarrhal fever
african: presence of a wildbeest at calving time | N. American: associated with sheep at lambing
88
dx, tx and control of bovine malignant catarrhal fever
dx: presumptive based on history and clinical signs tx: none control: separate wildebeest, sheep and cattle

Virology (7 decks)

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