Lecture 2 - History, Birth & Roots of Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Associationism
L2, P.1
A
- Thought of by Aristotle when he pondered how humans develop knowledge
- His Views were called associationsim since he took a philosophical approach by sitting back and thinking about things but not testing them
- “A hockey puck is associated with a puck shape, rubber and the colour black”
L2
2
Q
Phrenology
L2, P.1
A
- Theory that the size of different brain areas account for specific personality traits and that traits could be read from bumps on the skull
- Was coined by Franz Gall in the 1800’s
- Was systematically empirical - NOT scientific, no testing
- Was eventually discredited (“psudeo psychology”)
- Popularity showed that a real scientific approach to psychology would be very successful
3
Q
William Wundt
(Willheim)
L2, P.1
A
- Is widely regardred as the “Father of Psychology”
- Created structuralism
- Founded a lab for study of experimental psychology at the university of Leipzig in 1879
- His goal was to describe mental processes
- Wanted to study consciousness
- Used Introspection
- Taught Edward Tichtener as his first student
4
Q
Introspection
L2, P.1
A
- Used by William Wundt to attempt to study consciousness
- Was later deemed unreliable
- Is the process of an individual sharing conscious thoughts to others
- Got people to observe and desribe thier own sensations, thoughts and emotional reactions
5
Q
Gestault Psychology
L2, P.2
A
- Opposite of structuralism
- Focused on the whole of something, rather than its parts
- Looked at experiences
- Researched perception
- Coined 3 principles involved in perception
6
Q
Behaviourism
(Early)
L2, P.2
A
- Approach dominated most of the 20th century
- Was largely initiated by John B. Watson and grown with the help of his student BF Skinner
- Based on the belief that “Introspection sucks” and is not a precise way of knowing what is going on inside someones mind
- Wanted to focus rather on objective and observable behaviour to study
7
Q
Psychodynamic Approach
(Early)
L2, P.2
A
- Remains one of the biggest areas of psychology
- Was popularised by Sigmund Frued
- Explored the mind that exists outside of our conscious to come up with the idea of unconsciousness
- Thought of it as a battle between conscious and not conscious
- Emphasized the role of unconscious factors in human behaviour
- Ideas were never proven but still remained influencial to the later Psychodynamic Perspective
8
Q
Sigmund Frued
L2, P.2
A
- Helped broaden clinical psychology and popularise the early Psychodynamic Approach
- Did most of his work indivually from a medical perspective
- Was trained and influenced by a famous medical doctor where he got to witness unique disorders such as hysteria
- Thought that if a patient says they cant see out of thier left eye but everything seems objectively okay from a medical standpoint then there must be a malfunction inside the mind that is responsible for causing the issue
- His ideas, while influencial, were never proven
9
Q
Edward Tichtener
L2, P.3
A
- Was the first student of William Wundt and worked alongside him
- Named structuralism
10
Q
Structuralism
L2, P.3
A
- Created by William Wundt
- Named by Edward Tichtener
- Analysed specific parts of others experiences to create a structure to them
- Relied on Introspection
- Caused many reaction approaches to arise
- Wanted to study conciousness to desribe mental processes
11
Q
Functionalism
L2, P.3
A
- One of the response approaches to structuralism
- Influenced by Darwin’s concept of evolution
- Wanted to characterize the purpose of behaviour
- More interested in WHY and HOW rather than WHAT*
- Expanded to do reserach on animals, children and the mentally ill, since Wundt’s techniques could only be done on people who could do introspection
- Looked a mental processes as being fluid
Created by William James
WHAT - refers to structuralism
12
Q
William James
L2, P.3
A
- Created Functionalism
- Founded the first psychology lab in America at Harvard
- Wrote the first ever psychology textbook called “Principles of Pscyhology” in 1890
- Was a main partner in creating the APA*
- Coined the thought “Stream of consciousness”
*APA - American Psychological Association
13
Q
Mary Calkins
L2, P.3
A
- Was a student of William James
- Became the first woman president of the APA* and in science
*APA - American Psychological Association
14
Q
Humanism
L2, P.4
A
- Was NOT a response to structuralism
- Was popularized by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- Wanted to know what was going on inside the minds of healthy normal people
- Had a more positive focus
- Wanted to look at what it meant to be human and what potential we had as humans
15
Q
Biopsychology
(Neuroscience)
L2, P.4
A
- Emphasized biological factors
- Wanted to study and look at where memories were stored
- Karl Lashley was the first prominent psychologist in this field
- Did research on non-human animals
