Lecture 2: How Does Nervous System Function

Question 1

What two systems make up the nervous system?

Answer 1

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 2

The CNS is composed of what two major units?

Answer 2

The brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What two systems make up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Question 4

What types of nerves are in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 4

Cranial and spinal

Question 5

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 5

Transmit sensation and produce movement

Question 6

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 6

Balances internal functions

Question 7

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 7

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 8

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 8

Arousal - fight or flight

Question 9

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 9

Calming - rest and digest

Question 10

Name the three meninges in order from outside to inside

Answer 10

Dura mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater

Question 11

What is the cerebrum divided into

Answer 11

Two hemispheres

Question 12

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 12

Control and coordination of motor skills

Question 13

What is the function of the brain stem?

Answer 13

Unconscious behaviours of the body - breathing, heart rate, bodily functions.

Question 14

What are gyri and sulci?

Answer 14

Bumps and cracks on cerebral cortex that increase its surface area

Question 15

What is the composition of grey matter, and its purpose

Answer 15

Cell bodies and capillary blood vessels. Functions to process info and support behaviour

Question 16

What is the composition of white matter and its purpose

Answer 16

Nerve fibres and their fatty coverings (axons) and functions to connect cells

Question 17

What are the ventricles

Answer 17

4 cavalries in the brain filled with CSF. The right and left lateral ventricles, the third and fourth.

Question 18

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 18

“Bridge” that connects two hemispheres made of nerve fibres.

Question 19

What are two major cell types

Answer 19

Neuron and glial

Question 20

What is the function of a neuron

Answer 20

Carry out major brain functions

Question 21

What is the function of glial cells

Answer 21

Aid and modulate neuron activity. Like moms.

Question 22

What types of nerves does the brain stem mediate

Answer 22

Afferent nerves coming into brain from body’s sensation organs, efferent nerves exiting the brain sending signals through spinal cord

Question 23

What are the three main regions of the brain stem

Answer 23

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Diencephalon

Question 24

What are the three components of the hindbrain

Answer 24

Cerebellum
Reticular formation
Pons

Question 25

What are the two parts of the midbrain

Answer 25

The tectum (receives info from eyes and ears, production of oriented movements) and the tegmentum (initiates movement, sexual behaviour, movement of limbs)

Question 26

What two units compose the diencephalon

Answer 26

Hypothalamus | Thalamus

Question 27

Purpose of the hypothalamus

Answer 27

Control hormone production via pituitary gland

Question 28

Function of the thalamus

Answer 28

All sensory info comes into thalamus, then goes into cortex

Question 29

Three components of forebrain

Answer 29

Neocortex Basal ganglia Limbic system

Question 30

What are the three components of the forebrain?

Answer 30

Neocortex Limbic system Basal ganglia

Question 31

Function of the neocortex

Answer 31

6 layers of gray matter that respond to perceptual world

Question 32

Function of the limbus system

Answer 32

3-4 layers of gray matter which control motivational and emotional states

Question 33

Describe neocortex functions at different levels of gray matter

Answer 33

Top layers: integrative functions Middle layers: afferent nerves bring in sensory input Bottom layers: efferent nerves sending out directives Each layer has a different neuron cell type

Question 34

List the four lobes and their functions

Answer 34

Frontal: executive function and motor control Occipital : vision Parietal: tactile function Temporal: auditory, visual, gustatory

Question 35

Describe the purpose and structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 35

Purpose: controls certain aspects of voluntary movements Parts: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 36

List parts of limbic system

Answer 36

Limbic cortex Amygdala Hippocampus

Question 37

What is the function of the limbic cortex?

Answer 37

Certain aspects of memory

Question 38

What is the function of the hippocampus

Answer 38

Memory storage, especially spatial memory

Question 39

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 39

Negative emotions, fearful memories, fear acquisition

Question 40

Describe the olfactory system

Answer 40

A structure in the forebrain, olfactory bulb receives input from nose and sends to pyriform cortex.

Question 41

List the 12 cranial nerves | OLd OPen OCeans TROble TRIbesmen ABout Fish VEnom Giving VArious SPlitting Headaches

Answer 41

``` Olfactory - smell Optic - vision Oculomotor - eye movement Trochlear - eye movement Trigeminal - chewing and facial sensation Abducens - eye movement Facial - facial movement and sensation vestibular - hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx Vagus - heart, blood vessels, viscera, larynx+ Spinal accessory - neck muscles Hypoglossal - tongue ```

Question 42

List the five regions of the spinal column

Answer 42

Cervical 8 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5

Question 43

Define dermatomes

Answer 43

Segments of the body which house nerves (sensory and motor) correlating to the vertebrae of origin (dermatome S2 correlates to nerves exiting the spinal column at the second sacral vertebrae)

Question 44

Describe how signals are transmitted via spinal nerves

Answer 44

1. Sensory receptors activate sensory neurons and enter column via dorsal root 2. Branches of these neurons may cross to opposite side of column to transmit via white matter fibre tracts 3. Signals descending exit via ventral root to stimulate motor neurons

Question 45

What is Bell and Magendie's law?

Answer 45

Dorsal spinal cord is sensory and ventral spinal cord is motor. Allows us to make inferences where damage may have occurred based on sensation and movement in a patient

Question 46

Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS

Answer 46

"Fight or flight" | Nerves connect to thoracic and lumbar sections of spinal cord

Question 47

Describe parasympathetic division of ANS

Answer 47

"Rest and digest" | Connects to oculomotor nerve, vagus nerve, and facial nerve. Connected to sacral region of spinal cord