Lecture 2 HUBS Flashcards
1
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
the bodies ability to regulate and maintain a constant internal environment
2
Q
What is the feedback homeostatic system?
A
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point (favourable conditions and the body responds to regulate the variable back to ‘normal’
3
Q
What is the feedforward homeostatic system?
A
Doing something to minimise the effects of an anticipated event.
4
Q
What is anatomical terminology?
A
specific terminology that refers to body parts, directions and movements.
5
Q
What is anatomical position ?
A
The position that the body is described in (keeps the terminology consistent)
6
Q
Define anterior
A
The front of the body (forward facing)
7
Q
Define posterior
A
The back of the body (facing backwards)
8
Q
Define Superior
A
Closer the head/top of the body
9
Q
Define inferior
A
Closer to the feet/bottom of the body
10
Q
Define medial
A
Closer to the middle of the body
11
Q
Define lateral
A
Closer to the sides of the body
12
Q
Define proximal
A
Closer to the joint/closer to the body
*applies to limbs
13
Q
Define distal
A
Further away from the body/towards feet/hands
*applies to limbs
14
Q
Define deep in terms of anatomical terminology
A
further away from the surface
15
Q
Define superficial
A
closer to the surface
16
Q
Define coronal
A
Divided the body into front and back sections
17
Q
Define sagittal
A
Divided the body into left and right pieces
18
Q
Define transverse
A
Divides the body into top and bottom sections
19
Q
What type of movement occurs on the sagittal plane ?
A
back and forward movements
20
Q
What type of movement occurs on the coronal plane?
A
side to side movements
21
Q
What type of movement occurs on the transverse plane?
A
rotating movements
22
Q
What happens during flexion?
A
fleshy parts of limb brought closer together and the angle decreases
23
Q
What happens during extension?
A
Fleshy parts of the limb is pushed further away and the angle increases
24
Q
What is dorsiflexion?
A
Toes brought towards the face (upwards)
25
What is plantarflexion?
Toes point towards the ground
26
What is abduction?
Movement at joint moves the limb away from the midline (upwards)
27
What is adduction
Movement at joint moves limb towards midline (downwards)
28
What is inversion?
Sole of foot faves towards the midline (inwards)
29
What is eversion
Sole of foot turns away from midline (outwards)
30
What are the four combined movements of circumduction?
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction (no rotation)
31
What is rotation?
rotation around the long axis of a joint
32
What are the two types of rotation?
lateral (external) and medial (internal)
33
What is pronation?
Palm faces posterior (backwards) and forearm bones cross over
34
What is supination?
Palm faces anterior (forwards) and the forearm bones become parallel
35
What are the main functions if the skeleton?
Support, movement, protection of major organs, storage of minerals and Red blood cell formation (marrow)
36
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Cancellous (trabecular) and compact
37
What are the properties of compact bone?
Strong, dense, good as transmitting force in once direction
38
What are the properties of cancellous bone
light and spongy, shock absorbent, force resists from multiple directions
39
How would you identify a long bone?
Longer than they are wide, (mostly found in limbs)
40
What is the structure of a long bone?
proximal epiphisis (one each end), diaphysis (shaft) and medullary cavity (marrow)
41
How would you identify a short bone?
close to equal width and length
42
What are two properties of short bone?
mostly made of compact bone and weight bearing
43
How would you identify a flat bone?
Thin, flat bone that is used for muscle attachment and protection of organs
44
What is a property of flat bones?
Thin plates of compact bone (some cancellous)
45
How would you describe irregular bones?
Doesn’t fit into any other category, usually has a hole (foramina)`
46
What is an an example of a long bone?
femur, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula etc
47
What is an example of a short bone?
patella, carpals and tarsals
48
What is an example of flat bones?
scapular, ribs, cranium etc
49
What is an example of a irregular bone?
pelvis, vertebrae etc
50
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
51
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of the core
52
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
protection of vital organs
53
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limb bones
54
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
important for movement
55
What Bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column and ribs
56
What bones make the the skull?
cranium, facial bones, mandible
57
What is the purpose of the cranium?
Encloses the brain, muscles attachments
58
What is the purpose of facial bones?
protection and support of sensory organs
59
What is the function of the vertebrae?
support and posture, muscles attachment, head support
60
What are the four divisions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum and coccyx
61
How many bones are in the vertebral column? (in divisions)
7,12,5 + sacrum and coccyx
62
What is the function of the cervical division?
Makes up the neck, head support, able to rotate (rotation of head)
63
How may bones are in the cervical division?
7
64
What is the thoracic division on the vertebral column?
Makes up the back, support of the body
65
How many bones make up the thoracic devision of the vertebral column?
12
66
How many bones make up the Lumbar of the vertebral column?
5
67
What are the sacrum and coccyx bones?
Make up the tail bone, fused together, part of thee pelvis
68
What is the purpose of the rib cage?
Vital organ protection
69
What are the regions of the appendicular skeleton
Arm, forearms thigh, leg
70
What is the limb structure?
One proximal long bone (femur/humerus), two distal long bones (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula) + hands and feet
71
What is a function of the humerus and femur?
Deep articular movement
72
What bones make up the hands?
Carpals (8), metacarpals (5) and phalanges (14)
73
What bones make up the feet?
Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5) and phalanges (14)
74
How does the appendicular skeleton attach to the axial skeleton?
Pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (hip)
75
What bones are in the pectoral girdle?
Calvical and scapula
76
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and sacrum
77
What are the properties of the pectoral girdle?
Stabilising clavicle and free moving scapular attachments
78
What is the pelvic girdle good for?
weight bearing (holds the body up)
79
What is the structure of the pelvis?
ilium, pubis, ischium, sacrum and coccyx
80
What are the difference between the male and female pelvis?
different pelvic cavity sizes (more open on female for childbirth)
81
What are the four main types of tissue?
epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective
82
What is the bone tissue composition?
connective tissue and two bone ECM
83
What is the role of connective tissue in bones?
supports other tissues/organs and maintains form
84
What are the two extra cellular components of bone?
Organic and inorganic
85
What makes up the organic component of bone?
Collagen, ground substance (porteoglycans)
86
how much of the bone ECM organic?
33%
87
What is the function of the organic component of bone?
resist tension (flexibility)
88
What makes the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and Ca minerals (mineral salts)
89
How much of the bone ECM is inorganic?
67%
90
What is the function of the inorganic component of bone?
Makes bone hard and resistant to compression
91
What are the four types of cell in bone?
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
92
What is the function of bone cells?
maintain bone homeostasis (balance of bone destruction and formation)
93
What do osteogenic cells do?
Produce stem cells which make osteoblasts
94
What do osteoblasts do?
make bone matrix
95
What do osteoclasts do?
destroy/remove bone matrix
96
What doe osteocytes do?
Maintain/recycle proteins and minerals from bone matrix
97
What is the structure of compact bone?
Osteon structure
98
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
trabecular structure
99
What are the main components of osteons?
osteon, central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi
100
What is an osteon?
Longitudinal unit within compact bone
101
What is the purpose of an osteon?
provide pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM
102
What is the function of the central canal in an osteon?
contains blood vessel and nerves
103
What is lamellae?
a series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal
104
What are lacunae?
‘lakes’ for osteocytes
105
What are canaluclui?
channels for nutrients to travel to osteocytes through the ECM
106
What are the three main components of cancellous bone?
trabeculae, marrow and osteocytes
107
What are the trabeculae made from?
struts of lamella bone
108
What is the purpose of trabecular bone?
resists force from multiple directions, directs boy weight force and spreads force distally
109
How do the bone cells maintain homeostasis?
osteoblasts add to the bone matrix and osteoclasts remove bone so that the bone doesn’t get too heavy
110
What is endochondral ossification
process of turning cartilage into bone
110
What is osteoporosis?
imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity which causes the bone mass to decrease
111
What is the primary ossification centre (first)
diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses remains cartilage
112
What is the secondary ossification centre
diaphysis and epiphyses by the growth plate
113
What is the epiphyseal plates role in bone growth?
Allows bones to grow in length
114
How does a bone grow in width?
osteoblast activity produces circumferential lamellae and osteoclasts mould bone shape and form medullary cavity
115
What are the main functions of a joint?
hold bones together and allows control of movement
116
What are the two key types of cartilage?
hyaline (articular), fibrocartilage
117
What the three types of DFCT?
ligaments, tendons, joint capsules
118
What are the main structural components of cartilage?
chondrocytes, collagen fibres
119
How does cartilage get nutrients?
diffused through ECM by joint loading
120
What is the function of hyaline (articular) cartilage?
resist compression, creates smooth, frictionless movement
121
What are the structural elements of hyaline?
High water content in matrix, sparse collagen fibres
122
What is the function of fibrocartliage?
resist compression and tension, acts as a buffer/shock absorbers, deepens articular surface
123
What are the structural elements of fibrocartilage?
Many collagen fibres in bundles (more fibres than hyaline)
124
What is the orientation of fibres in fibrocartilage?
align with where stress occurs
125
What are the 6 key elements of DFCT?
Tightly packed fibres, collagen, fibroblasts, some elastin fibres, little vascularity, slow to heal
126
What is the function of DFCT?
Resist tension
127
Why does it take a long time for DFCT to heal?
Limited access to nutrients due to the little vascularity/blood flow
128
What is the purpose of ligaments?
connect bone to bone, resists tension and allow for stretch and recoil
129
What are ligaments made out of?
collagen and elastin
130
What is the purpose of tendons?
connect muscle to bone, movement control, transmission of contractions from muscle to bone
131
What are tendons made out of?
Lots of collagen, less elastin
132
What is the role of collagen and elastin in ligaments?
strength (collagen) and stretch (elastin)
133
What is bony congruence?
Sum of bone surfaces that form an articulation
134
What are the three join classifications?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
135
What is tissue?
cells grouped together in a highly organised manner according to specific structure and function
136
What is structure?
something formed of a tissue
137
Where can fibrous joints be found?
the skull (provides stability, protects brain)
138
What type of tissue is fibrous tissue?
DFCT
139
What is the structure of fibrous joints?
ligament
140
What is the function of fibrous joints?
Limit movement and provide stability
141
What type of joint is in the ankle?
fibrous joint (provides stability)
142
What type of tissue is found in cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage
143
What is the function of cartilaginous joints?
some movement, connection of some bones (vertebrae)
144
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Cartilaginous joints (allows for some movement while walking)
145
What is the function of synovial joints?
Lots of movement, free moving (found in most joints)
146
Why do we need different classes of joints?
different structures require different functions
147
What are the structure of the synovial joints?
bone ends, articular cartilage, joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments
148
What is the structure of the synovial joint capsule?
other layer of DFCT, inner synovial membrane
149
What happens in the synovial inner membrane?
secretes synovial fluid, lubrication of the joint, provides nutrients
150
what are capsule ligaments?
Thickening of capsules where more support is needed (knee)
151
What are the two types of collateral ligament
MCL (medial) and LCL (lateral)
152
What is the function of the MCL?
connects femur to tibia, restricts abduction
153
What is the function of the LCL?
Connects femur to fibula, restricts adduction
154
What are the cruciate ligaments of the knee?
ACL (anterior) and PCL (posterior)
155
what is ROM?
range of movement
156
What is the movement of the sagittal axis?
forward and backward
157
What Is the movement across the coronal plane?
side to side
158
