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(C) BD > Lecture 2: Psychological Development and Principles of Psychotherapy > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Psychological Development and Principles of Psychotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychodynamics.

A

Collective aggregate of conscious and unconscious factors that influence personality, behavior and attitudes.

Also used to refer to the clinical approach/theory that sees personality as a result of these factors.

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2
Q

Define psychoanalysis.

A

Method of treating mental and emotional disorders based around revealing and investigating the role of unconscious and conscious psychological processes.

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3
Q

Define psychotherapy.

A

Use of verbal methods to influence another person’s mental and emotional state.

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4
Q

What did Freud describe our internal discussion as being?

A

Outside of our awareness

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of the Freudian theory?

A

Id
Ego
Superego
Ego Defense

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6
Q

What is the Id?

A

The greedy inner child.

Primal instincts, basic nature, desires.

Freud thinks most id instincts are sexual since it is critical to survival.

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7
Q

What is the superego?

A

The quest for perfection, conscience.

The image of what we WANT to be.
Philosophical and moral ideals.

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8
Q

What did Freud think superegos are developed from?

A

Parental standards

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9
Q

What is the ego?

A

Grown-up self

Reason, self-control, compromise, balance.

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10
Q

What are the 3 levels of consciousness Freud describes? Where does most thinking happen between the Id, Ego, and Superego?

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

Freud thinks most thinking happens unconsciously.

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11
Q

How can we test psychodynamic theory to see if it is conscious or unconscious?

A

Using subliminal messages to see how behavior is influenced

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12
Q

What is the ego defense mechanism? What are the two kinds?

A

It refers to the strategies that reduce anxiety from our thoughts and desires. It is often when our Id clashes with our Superego.

It has a mature (does not compromise) or a primitive (irrational, immature, dysfunctional)

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13
Q

What are some common ego defense mechanisms? (11)

A

Regression
Denial
Projection
Intellectualization
Repression
Displacement
Rationalization
Dissociation
Reaction Formation
Suppression
Sublimation

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14
Q

Define regression.

A

Retreating to an earlier stage of development.

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15
Q

Define denial.

A

Behaving as though things are different than they really are.
Severe denial can border on DELUSION.

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16
Q

Define projection.

A

Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to another person.
Can be used as an excuse for one’s own feelings.

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17
Q

Define intellectualization.

A

Focusing on minor, often unimportant details of a situation rather than addressing the main, central conflict.

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18
Q

Define repression.

A

Placing disagreeable or unacceptable thoughts in the subconscious mind rather than dealing with them.

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19
Q

Define displacement.

A

Expressing feelings or impulses toward one person or group onto another person, group or object that is less threatening.

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20
Q

Define rationalization.

A

Reinterpreting an event by cognitively distorting the facts.
Making excuses or “lying to ourselves”.

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21
Q

Define dissociation.

A

Disconnecting from a stressful situation by pursuing an alternative reality.
May be associated with a “fantasy world”, daydreaming, dissociative d/o.

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22
Q

Define reaction formation.

A

Person goes beyond denial; acts opposite to what they think or feel.
May occur if a person feels two conflicting emotions (e.g. love and hate) close together.

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23
Q

Define suppression.

A

Similar to repression, but thoughts are put into subconscious INTENTIONALLY and usually are dealt with at a future date.
Considered a MATURE and EFFECTIVE defense.

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24
Q

Define sublimation.

A

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially appropriate activities, allowing one to use the energy in better ways.
Considered a MATURE and EFFECTIVE defense.

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25
What are the two mature/effective ego defense mechanisms?
Suppression and Sublimation.
26
What are the other major psych theories in psychodynamics?
Ego theory Object Relations Theory Self Theory
27
What is ego theory?
An adaptation of Freudian theory to reflect the ego's great range of actions. Ego has multiple functions BEYOND regulating impulses from the id and input from the superego.
28
What is ego theory focused on?
Strengthening the ego so it can cope with pressure better from the id, superego, and outside sources.
29
What is included in the expanded range of ego functions?
Reality testing Impulse control Affect regulation Judgement Synthetic functioning Defense Mechanisms
30
Define reality testing.
Being able to distinguish what is happening in one's own mind from what is going on in the outside world.
31
Define impulse control.
Managing impulses without immediate discharge through behavior or symptoms.
32
Define affect regulation.
Modulating feelings without being overwhelmed.
33
Define judgement in ego psychology.
Acting responsibly. Identifying potential courses of actions, anticipating and evaluating consequences, and deciding on a course of action.
34
Define synthetic functioning.
Organizing and unifying other functions with the personality.
35
How many stages did Erik Erikson theorize a human passes through from childhood to adulthood?
8 stages.
36
What is the main psychosocial issue our age group faces primarily?
Intimacy vs Isolation
37
What is object relations theory based off of?
The premise that humans are shaped in relation to the significant others surrounding them. Primary motivators are relationships!
38
What does object relations psychology focus primarily on?
Maintaining relationships with others while still differentiating ourselves from others.
39
What is the weakness/pitfall of object relations psychology?
Seeing an object identity for a single part of a whole object and skewing the whole perception.
40
What is self psychology based off of?
The belief that someone's "self" is derived from: Perception of their identity. Personal awareness Personal experiences Self-esteem
41
What is our perception mainly influenced by in self-psychology?
Perception of boundaries and differentiation of self (or the lack thereof)
42
What is a unique aspect of self-psychology?
Everyone needs a level of "healthy narcissism"
43
What are the strengths of psychodynamic theory? Weaknesses?
Strengths: Focuses on how the past can influence the present. Acknowledges the impact of the subconscious Therapy seems to help many patients Cons: Ignores biological components Depends on therapist interpretation Can focus too much on the past, under-emphasizing the present Not scientifically proven
44
What is the humanistic perspective?
Belief that human beings are basically good and, if allowed to develop normally, will mature into emotionally healthy adults.
45
What does psychopathology stem from?
Failure of caregivers.
46
What is client-centered therapy?
Supportive: Nourishes natural development. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD. No attempt to decode a patient's mind; encourages them to find their own solution.
47
What is the overarching goal of client centered therapy?
Self-actualization.
48
What is the behaviorist perspective?
Belief that behavior is determined by the environment. Observable behavior can be OBJECTIVELY measured, and internal events are explained through behavior?
49
How does the behaviorist see our initial and subsequent development as?
We start off as a blank slate/tabula rasa, and our development is a result of external stimuli.
50
How is new behavior learned in the behaviorist perspective?
Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning
51
What is the overarching goal of therapy?
Altering offensive stimuli or reconditioning oneself to constructive behaviors.
52
What is cognitive theory?
All thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected.
53
How are difficulties handled in cognitive theory?
By identifying and changing problematic thinking, behavior and emotional responses.
54
What is behavioral theory?
Looks at people's learned behaviors and how the environment has an impact on those behaviors.
55
How are difficulties handled in behavioral theory?
By modifying our stimuli or our learned responses to stimuli.
56
What is the pathway of the cognitive-behavioral perspective?
Gathered information (input) => Information sorted and processed based on pre-existing conceptualizations => Interpretation of information based on assumptions => Observed behaviors (output)
57
What are automatic thoughts?
Thoughts triggered by the day's events, often taking many forms in commentary on the current situation.
58
What are irrational assumptions?
Distorted assumptions that people hold about the world and themselves without being aware of them.
59
What are the errors in logic that can arise in the cognitive-behavioral perspective? (6)
Arbitrary inference Selective Abstraction Personalization Overgeneralization Magnification Minimization
60
What is arbitrary inference?
Drawing unwarranted conclusions on the basis of little or no evidence.
61
What is selective abstraction?
Drawing conclusions on the basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data.
62
What is personalization?
Taking the blame for something that clearly is not one's fault.
63
What is overgeneralization?
Drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single, sometimes insignificant event.
64
What is magnification?
Overestimating the importance of an event.
65
What is minimization?
Underestimating the importance of an event.
66
What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?
To discover these processes through a therapeutic relationship with the patient and allow them to become aware of the mal-adaptive cognition and challenge it.
67
What is Maslow' hierarchy of needs?
A pyramid of needs, in which basic needs must be fulfilled before one can advance to the next level, culminating in self-actualization.
68
What are the needs in the hierachy of needs?
Physiological Needs Safety/Security Love and Belonging Self-esteem Self-actualization
69
What is classic conditioning?
A response that occurs naturally in response to one stimulus will eventually occur in response to an unrelated stimulus, if the two stimuli occur together consistently.
70
What is the common example of classic conditioning?
Pavlov's dog Note: Also the office episode where dwight gets trained to ask for an altoid everytime he hears a computer turn on.
71
What are the 4 components of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus = stimulus that produces response without any conditioning (Altoid) Unconditioned response = response to unconditioned stimulus (hand extended, need for a mint) Conditional stimulus = neutral stimulus that later came to elicit the response (bell on a computer) Conditioned response = response to conditioned stimulus (hand extended, need for a mint)
72
What were the relationships of US, UR, CS, and CR prior to conditioning?
CS (bell) = no response US (altoid) = UR (need a mint)
73
What were the relationships of US, UR, CS, and CR after conditioning?
CS (bell) => CR (salivating/asking for a mint)
74
What is often learned quickly and unlearned slowly in classical conditioning?
Fears
75
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
It is when a stimulus isn't conditioned properly and produces the same response as the conditioned stimulus because its similar to the original CS.
76
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Unlearning a CR so the CS no longer produces the CR.
77
What is operant conditioning?
Learning occurs a result of positive or negative repercussions to our actions. Common example is Skinner's mice.
78
What are the 4 components of operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement = stimulus increases probability of behavior occurring in the future. Negative reinforcement = removal of already present aversive stimulus increases probability of behavior occurring in the future. Punishment = application of aversive stimulus after a behavior decreases the behavior. Response cost = removing a positive reinforcer decreases the behavior.
79
What is discriminative stimuli?
Stimuli that signals the availability of reinforcement.
80
What does rate of extinction depend on in operant conditioning? What causes rapid vs slow extinction?
Depends on the history of reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement = RAPID extinction. Intermittent reinforcement = SLOW extinction.
81
What is secondary reward conditioning?
Instrumental behavior to get a stimulus has no usefulness itself but has been associated with a significant stimulus.
82
What is avoidance conditioning?
Response to a cue is instrumental in avoiding a painful or otherwise harmful or negative experience.
83
What is habituation?
Decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposures to the stimulus.
84
What causes rapid habituation vs slow?
Frequent exposures = rapid. Strong stimuli can result in slower habituation.
85
What is an example of a stimulus that rarely causes habituation?
Ambulance/police sirens.
86
Can a strong aversive stimulus reverse a habituation?
Yes. Ex: Traumatic needlestick can reverse habituation to having blood drawn.
87
What are the ways we use operant conditioning to help patients?
Systematic desensitization Avoidance conditioning Contingency management

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