Lecture 2: Terminology, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives Flashcards
(24 cards)
Psychoactive Drugs
Elicit changes in mood consciousness, and perception through their effects on the brain
Can either be problem-solving or problem causing
[Substance Use Disorder/Alcohol and other drug abuse] DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder
Severity is based on the number of symptoms met
- Mild: 2-3 symptoms
- Moderate: 4-5
- Sever: 6-11
2 or more of these repeatedly in a 12-month period
- Failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
- Use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems
- Tolerance (need for more or diminished effect)
- Withdrawal (experience or avoidance of withdrawal)
- Substance used in larger amounts or longer than intended
- Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
- Great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovery
- Social, occupational, or recreational activities given up/reduced
- Use continued despite knowledge of having a physical or psychological problem
- Craving for the substance
General effects: What does the drug generally do to you?
Stimulants= Uppers
Depressants= Downers
Psychedelics= All-rounders
Examples/types of drugs
Cannabidiol= Anti-psychotic
Alcohol= Depressant
Heroin= Depressant
Amphetamines= Stimulant
Cocaine= Stimulant
MDEA/MDMA/MDA= Stimulant/Hallucinogens
Psiloaybin (??)= Stimulant/Hallucinogen
THC= Stimulant/Hallucinogen/Depressant
Camabinoids= Anti-psychotics/Depressants/Hallucinogens/Stimulants
[Cultural Implications] Culture
Customs, beliefs, values, knowledge, and skills that guide a group’s behavior in a shared direction
Includes a unique world view shaped by environmental, historical, biological, and other forces that mark a group’s evolution
Culture reduces separateness
- With one another
- With the spirit world
[Cultural Implications] Cultural Humility and Responsiveness
Most popular term is cultural competence
“Competence” definition
- Being capable of meeting the needs of culturally diverse clients
- Competence implies there is an ending point or a threshold of knowledge one can reach to be done learning
[Cultural Implications] Cultural Humility
Understanding that in order to work with idiv’s who are culturally diverse, we understand they are experts in their own culture
Stay humble
- While you may know something about their culture as a whole, each family’s culture is different and they may need to teach you what their culture means to them
[Cultural Implication] Cultural Responsiveness
An understanding of culture, ethnicity, and language
Having humility and an openness to adapt to the cultural needs of those they are working with
Factors
- Equity (not equality)
- Privilege
- Implicit bias
- Power
- More than just race, ethnicity, or religion
- Location (urban/rural)
- Age
- Language
- Spirituality
- LGBTQ+
- Biological sex
- Gender identity
- Gender expression
- Gender presentation
- Sexual orientation
[BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE] Psychoactive substances
Symbolism is used by cultures to designate states of reality
Altered states and experiences associated with psychoactive substance use help us look at the world differently and provide linkage between states of reality
- Domains of reality that are defined as separate (e.g. physical and spirit world)
- Facilitate social bonding
- Mark transitions within a culture
[Linking domains of reality; physical and spirit world] Ayahuasca
An entheogenic brew made out of indigenous vines and leaves
- Used as a traditional spiritual medicine in ceremonies among the indigenous peoples of Amazonian Peru
- Many say they receive the instructions in its use directly from the plants and plant spirits themselves
- Has become a tourist destination for some
[Christianity] Reformism
Current laws trace back to two pieces of legislation from the early 1900s
- 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
- Harrison Act of 1914
Racist fears about deviant behavior, including drug misuse played a role in the development of drug regulation
Laws were developed to regulate undesirable behaviors
Issues leading to legislation
Fraud in patient medicines that were sold directly to the public
- False therapeutic claims
- Habit-forming drug content
Opium and the Chinese
- US was involved in international drug track
- Opium smoking brought to the US by Chinese workers
Laws passed against the importation, manufacture, and the use of opium
Racism involved
Cocaine
- Present in many patent medicines
- In the original Coca-Cola
- Viewed as a cause of increasing crime
- Racist connections
Crack in the 80s
1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
President Roosevelt recommended in 1905
Required accurate labeling and listing of ingredients
Later amended to require safety testing and testing for effectiveness
Harrison Act of 1914
A law that required those who “produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away” certain drugs to register and pay a special tax
Later expanded to include other federal controlled-substance regulations
More of a trade and tax law rather than controlling substances
Regulation of pharmaceuticals
Purity
- Ex: proof in liquor
Safety
- Companies required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA
- Directions must be included
Effectiveness
- Pre-approval required before human testing
Misinformation
Misinfo and emotionally charged, reactive legislation has predominately been employed with Drug Policy
Ex. Reefer madness (1936)
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Drug enforcement Agency (DEA)
- Formerly Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
- Est’d to enforce laws est’d by the Controlled Substance Act of 1970
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 & 1988
Scheduling
- Power of scheduling to justice department (DEA)
Stiffer penalties including differential penalties for marketing and manufacturing
“Precursors”
- Materials used to manufacture drugs
Confiscation of property
Loss of rights and privileges beyond incarceration
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Treatment or Punishment
Acc. to the Drug Policy Info Clearinghouse, up to 83% of inmates have used illegal drugs at some point in their lives
- Inmates convicted of drug offenses make up 26% of the prison population
Since the beginning of the “war on drugs” in the late 20th century, the # of inmates in US prisons has increased 15 times
Acc. to the federal govt, drug and alcohol treatment are available in only 40% of correctional facilities in the US
Marketing a new drug
Initial lab testing does not require FDA approved
Once human subjects are considered, the company submits a “Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug (IND)”
Clinical research and development
- Phase one: low doses, 20-80 healthy volunteers
- Phase two: few hundred patients who could benefit
- Phase three: typically 1,000-5,000 patients
Permission to market
May require 10+ years and costs $1 billion+
Only 31 new drugs approved by FDA in 2008
How are substances used as symbolic mediators in cultures and religions that you are familiar with? (Big example)
Facilitating social bonding
Cultural use of substances: Marking transitions
Day to day transitions
- Before work
- After work
- Ending the week
Life transitions
- Being single to being married
- Transition from student to the workforce
Commoditization of psychoactive drugs
Positive aspects of symbolism tied to substance use are exploited by industry
Goal is to increase consumption, production, and profit
Consequences of commoditization
With increased consumption, the potential for symbolic mediation can be diminished
The act of substance use may become habitual instead of meaningful
Addiction: Increased separateness
- Social isolation, disconnection, stigmatization
Norms and rules are developed in response
- Religious rules, cultural rules, prohibition
